Medicine and Virtual Reality: A Guide to the Literature (MedVR)

By Toni Emerson, Jerry Prothero, and Suzanne Weghorst
HITL Technical Report No. B-94-1

Introduction

This guide was originally published as "VR/Telepresence and Medical Sources". However, this revision updates the citation list as well as putting in a similar format to the other guides published by the HITL Knowledge Base Project.

The citations in this guide were selected on the basis of relevance to research involving areas that intersect virtual interface technology and medicine. Foundation technologies including three-dimensional medical imaging, telemedicine, rehabilitation medicine, telemetry, telerobotics and tactile displays that impact research in Virtual Reality are included.

This is necessarily an on-going project: corrections or new sources of information are always welcome. The electronic version of this publication is available at ftp.hitl.washington.edu

Keywords

3D Data Acquisition: 3D digitizer, 3D ranging, 3D range finding, range image, depth image, laser ranging, laser range finding

General Terminology: Virtual reality (VR), Virtual worlds, Virtual environments, Virtual interface technology

Hardware: head mounted display (HMD), head up display (HUD), hand manipulation devices, Dataglove, Cyberglove, force feedback, tactile displays, visual displays

Medical: telemedicine, telesurgery, telediagnosis, teleconsulting, telehealth, remote medicine, remote surgery, remote diagnosis, remote consulting, telepresent medicine, telepresent diagnosis, telepresent consulting, telepresent surgery, surgical simulation, surgical simulator,, remote laparoscopic surgery, remote endoscopic surgery, remote laparoscopy, remote endoscopy, telelaparoscope, telelaparoscopic, telelaparoscopy,, teleendoscope, teleendoscopic, teleendoscopy, videoendoscope, videoendoscopic, videoendoscopy, virtual medicine, virtual surgery

Stereovision: stereoscopic video, stereo video, stereotactic video, stereovision, telestereo

Telepresence: teleoperation, telerobotics, telepresence, remote operation, remote robotics, remote presence, visual telepresence, remote visual presence

MESH Subject Headings: computer simulation, computer graphics, computer aided instruction, computer communication networks, telemedicine, data display, user computer interaction

Selected Citations

Technical Literature

Abele, J. E. (1993, March). Technology Development from the Perspective of Industry. Journal of Invasive Cardiology, 5(2) [preprint]. Also available in Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 1-4). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Ackerman, M. J. (1994). The Visible Human Project. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 5-7). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Albert, R. D., Albert, T. M. (1994, Forthcoming). X-Ray Stereoscopy in Real Time With Reverse Geometry X-Ray Imaging. In Proceedings of SPIE, Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications V, Vol. 2177A. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

Altobelli, D. E. (1991). Computer Assisted Planning for Craniofacial Surgery. In Proceedings of National Computer Graphics Association . (pp. 162-166). Fairfax, VA: NCGA.

Altobelli, D. E. (1993). Computer-Assisted Planning for Facial Surgery. In Proceedings of NSF Workshop on Computer-Assisted Surgery . (pp. D-1 to D-6). Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, Biomedical Engineering Section and the Robotics and Machine Intelligence Program.

Altobelli, D. E., Kikinis, R., Mulliken, J. B., et al. (1991). Three-Dimensional Imaging In Medicine: Surgical Planning And Simulation Of Craniofacial Surgery. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 13. (pp. 289-290). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, IEEE Service Center.

Ameling, W. (1989). [Digital Image Processing In Medicine. Texture Analysis And 3d Reconstruction] (in German). Biomed-Tech-Berlin, 34 (Suppl.), 1-7.

Anzai, Y., Black, K, Hamilton, R. et al. (1994). Virtual Reality Meets Interventional MRI: Battle of the Oxymorons. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 128-130). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Arridge, S. R. (1990). Manipulation of Volume Data for Surgical Simulation. In K.H. Hohne, H. Fuchs, S.M. Pizer (Eds.), Proceedings of3D Imaging in Medicine: Algorithms, Systems, Applications. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 3D Imaging in Medicine. Nato Advanced Science Institutes Series, Series F, Computer and Systems Science (Vol. 60, pp. 289-300). New York, NY: Springer Verlag.

Ayache, N., Boissonnat, J. D., Cohen, L., Geiger, B., Levyvehel, J., Monga, O. and Sander, P. (1990). Steps Toward the Automatic Interpretation of 3D Images. In K.H. Hohne, H. Fuchs, S.M. Pizer (Eds.), Proceedings of3D Imaging in Medicine: Algorithms, Systems, Applications. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 3D Imaging in Medicine. Nato Advanced Science Institutes Series, Series F, Computer and Systems Science (Vol. 60, pp. 107-120). New York, NY: Springer Verlag.

Bajura, M., Fuchs, H. and Ohbuchi, R. (1992). Merging Virtual Objects with the Real World: Seeing Ultrasound Imagery within the Patient, In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '92. Computer Graphics: 26 (2), 203-210.

Baker, B., Liu, A. and Baumrind, S. (1991). Graphic Display Of Craniofacial X-Ray Data Overlaid On Digital Images. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 13. (p. 334). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, IEEE Service Center.

Barillot, C., Gibaud, B., Lis, O., et al. (1988). Computer Graphics in Medicine: a Survey. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 15 (4), 269-307.

Barillot, C., Gibaud, B., Scarabin, J. and Coatrieux, J. (1985). 3D Reconstruction of Cerbral Blood Vessels. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 12 (5), 13-19.

Barillot, C., Lemoine, D., Le-Briquer, L., Lachmann, F. and Gibaud, B. (1993). Data Fusion in Medical Imaging: Merging Multimodal and Multipatient Images, Identification of Structures and 3D Display Aspects. European Journal of Radiology, 17 (1), 22-27.

Barrett, J. R. (1991). Three Dimensional Interactive Extraction Of Muscle Cellultrastructure. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (Vol. 13, pp. 1115-1116). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, IEEE Service Center.

Basinski, M. and Deatherage, J. F. (1990 September). Three-Dimensional Interactive Graphics For Displaying And Modelling Microscopic Data. Ultramicroscopy, 33 (3), 167-75.

Beard, D.V., Johnston, R.E., Pisano, E.D., et al. (1991). Radiology Workstation for Mammography: Preliminary Observations, Eyetracker Studies, and Design. In Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol. 1446, Medical Imaging V (pp. 289-296). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

Belohlavek, M., Foley, D. A., Gerber, T. C., Kinter, T. M., Greenleaf, J. F. and Seward, J. B. (1993). Three- and Four-dimensional Cardiovascular Ultrasound Imaging: A New Era for Echocardiography. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 68 (3), 221-240.

Beltrame, F., D'Anna, F., Franzi, A. T. and Marcenaro, G. (1991). Neurons Volumetric Visualization Through Optical Laser Scanning Microscopy. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 13. (pp. 1749-1750). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center.

Bensaid, A. M., Hall, L. O., Clarke, L. P. and Velthuizen, R. P. (1991). MRI Segmentation Using Supervised And Unsupervised Methods. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 13. (pp. 60-61). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center.

Bergeron, B. P. and Greenes, R. A. (1989). Clinical Skill-Building Simulations in Cardiology: HeartLab and EkgLab. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 30 (2-3), 111-126.

Blume, H. (1991). High-Resolution Display Technology for Medical Imaging. In Proceedings of Image Management and Communication in Patient Care, IMAC '91 (pp. 172-182). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Bostrom, M., Singh, S. K., and Wiley, C. W. (1993). Design of An Interactive Lumbar Puncture Simulator With Tactile Feedback. In Proceedings of IEEE 1993 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '93 (pp. 280-286). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center.

Bova, F. J., Friedman, W. A. and Mendenhall, W. M. (1993). Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Medical Progress Through Technology, 18 (4), 239-251.

Breen, P. T. (1992). Real Virtual Environment Applications-Now. In IEEE Proceedings of Visualization '92 (pp. 375-379). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE.

Brennan, J. P. (1994). Towards the Delivery Room of the Future. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 10-14). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Brewster, L. J., Trivedi, S. S., Tuy, H. K. and Udupa, J. K. (1984). Interactive Surgical Planning. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 4 (3), 31-40.

Brinkley, J. F. (1992). Hierarchical Geometric Constraint Networks As A Representation For Spatial Structural Knowledge. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. (pp.140-144). New York, NY: IEEE.

Brinkley, J. F. (1993, April). A Flexible, Generic Model for Anatomic Shape: Application to Interactive Two-Dimensional Medical Image Segmentation and Matching. Computers and Biomedical Research., 4, 121-142.

Brinkley, J. F., Eno, K. and Sundsten, J. W. (1993). Knowledge-Based Client-Server Approach to Structural Information Retrieval: The Digital Anatomist Browser. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 40 (2), 131-145.

Bucholz, R. D., Smith, K. R., Henderson, J. M., McDurmont, L. L. and Schulz, D. W. (1993). Intraoperative Localization Using a Three-dimensional Optical Digitizer In Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering , Clinical Applications of Modern Imaging Technology, Vol. 1894. (pp. 312-322). Bellingham, WA, USA.: SPIE.

Burdea, G. (1992). Diagnostic/Rehabilitation System Using Force Measuring and Force Feedback Dexterous Masters. In Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality: Discovering Applications for 3-D Multi-Media Interactive Technology in the Health Sciences. San Diego, CA: Aligned Management Associates.

Burdea, G. C., Dunn, S. M. and Immendorf, C. (1991). Robotic System For Dental Subtraction Radiography. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Vol.3 (pp. 2056-2062). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Burdea, G. C., Dunn, S. M., Immendorf, C. and Mallik, M. (1991). Real-time Sensing of Tooth Position for Dental Digital Subtraction Radiography. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 38 (4), 366-378

Burdea, G. C., Dunn, S. M., Mallik, M. and Jun, H. (1990) Real Time Sensing of Mouth 3D Position and Orientation. In Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering - Medical Imaging IV: Image Foundation.. Vol. 1231. (pp. 422-429). Bellingham, WA, USA.

Burrow, M. (1994). A Telemedicine Testbed for Developing and Evaluating Telerobotic Tools for Rural Health Care. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 15-18). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Caponetti, L. and Fanelli, A. M. (1993). Computer-Aided Simulation for Bone Surgery. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 13 (6), 86-92.

Carlbom, I., Hsu, W. M., Klinker, G., Szeliski, R., et al. (1992, June). Modeling And Analysis Of Empirical Data In Collaborative Environments. Communications of the ACM, 35 (6), 75-84

Chang, S., Tan, H., Eberman, B. and Marcus, B. (1993). Sensing, Perception and Feeback for VR. In Virtual Reality Systems, Fall Conference. New York, NY: SIG-Advanced Applications.

Chapin, W. , Kramer, J., Haas, C., Leifer, L. and Macken, E. (1992). TeleSign: a Sign Language Telecommunication System. In Proceedings of the Johns Hopkins National Search for Computing Applications to Assist Persons with Disabilities . (pp. 2-5). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Comput. Soc. Press. Los Alamitos, CA, USA.

Charles, S. and Williams, R. (1989). Measurement of Hand Dynamics in a Microsurgery Environment: Preliminary Data in the Design of a Bimanual Telemicro-operation Test Bed. In Proceedings of the 1989 NASA Conference on Space Telerobotics (pp. 109-118).

Charles, S. and Williams, R. (1992). Dexterity Enhancement in Microsurgery Using Telemicrorobotics. In Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality: Discovering Applications for 3-D Multi-Media Interactive Technology in the Health Sciences. San Diego, CA: Aligned Management Associates.

Chen, D. T.(1992). Pump It Up: Computer Animation of a Biomechanically Based Model of Muscle using the Finite Element Method, Unpublished doctoral dissertation . Cambridge, MA: MIT.

Chen, D. T., Pieper, S. D., Singh, S. K., Rosen, J. M., and Zelter, D. L. (1993). The Virtual Sailor: An Implementation of Interactive Human Body Modeling. In Proceedings of IEEE 1993 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '93 (pp. 429-435). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center.

Chen, D. T., Rosen, J., and Zeltzer, D. (1992). Surgical Simulation Models: From Body Parts to Artificial Person. In Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality. San Diego, CA: Aligned Management Associates.

Chen, D.T. and Zeltzer, D. (1992). Pump It Up: Computer Animation of a Biomechnaically Based Model of Muscle Using the Finite Element Method. Computer Graphics 26(2), 89-98.

Christensen, J. P. (1994). Bringing Telematics into Health Care in the European Communities. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics. Vol. 5 (2). (pp. 21-23). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Clancy, J. M. S., Johnson, L., Finkelstein, M. W. and Lilly, G. E. (1990). Dental Diagnosis and Treatment: Interactive Videodisc Patient Simulations for Dental Education. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 33, (1), 21-26.

Clinch, N. (1990). Fast Volumetric Rendering for Visualisation in Science, In Proceedings of Computer Graphics 90 (pp. 347-353). London, UK: Blenheim On-line.

Cline, H. E., Dumoulin, C. L., Lorensen, W. E. et al. (1987). 3D Reconstruction of the Brain from Magnetic Resonance Images Using a Connectivity Algorithm. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 5(5), 345-352.

Cline, H. E., Lorensen, W. E., Kikinis, R., et al. (1990). Three-Dimensional Segmentation of MR Images of the Head Using Probability and Connectivity. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 14 (6), 1037-1045.

Cloyd, D. W. (1994). Laparoscopic Lumbar Discectomy. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 24-25). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Coletta, A. V. and Marcucci. (1992). Laparoscopic Colectomy and Its Implications for the Use of Virtual Reality in Abdominal surgery. In Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality. San Diego, CA: Aligned Management Associates.

Constantian, M., Ehrenpreis, C. and Sheen, J. H. The Expert Teaching System: A New Method for Learning Rhinoplasty Using Interactive Computer Graphics. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 79 (2), 278-283.

Cover, S., Ezquerra, N., O'Brien, J., et al. (1993). Interactively Deformable Models for Surgery Simulation. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 13 (6), 68-75.

Cruz-Neira, C., Leigh, J., Barnes, C., Cohen, S., et. al (1993). Scientists in Wonderland: A Report on Visualization Applications in the CAVE Virtual Reality Environment

Cutting, C., Bookstein, F. L., Grayson, B., et al. (1986). Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Design of Craniofacial Surgical Procedures: Optimization and Interaction with Cephalometric and CT-Based Models, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 77 (6), 877-887.

Dagum, P. and Horvitz, E. (1991). Computation and Display of Information for Trauma Management and Surgery (Technical Report). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Departments of Computer Science and Medicine.

Dallas, W. J. (1994). A High-Speed Viewing Console for Diagnostic Radiology. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 26-29). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Danielson, H. E. (1993). Telediagnosis in the Context of Digital Image Analysis. Telektronik, 89 (1), 37-41.

Davis, T. L. and Mark, R. G. (1991). Teaching Physiology Through Simulation of Hemodynamics. In Proceedings of Computers in Cardiology. (pp. 649-652). Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press.

De Moor, G. J. E. (1994). Standardisation in Medical Informatics in Europe. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 30-33). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Delp, S. L. (1990). Surgery Simulation: A Computer Graphics System to Analyze and Design Musculoskeletal Reconstructions of the Lower Limb. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.

Delp, S. L. (1993). Surgery Simulation: Using Computer Graphics Models to Study the Biomechanical Consequences of Musculoskeletal Reconstructions. In Proceedings of NSF Workshop on Computer-Assisted Surgery. (pp. D-32 to D-33). Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, Biomedical Engineering Section and the Robotics and Machine Intelligence Program

Delp, S. L. and Maloney, W. (1993). Effects of Hip Center Location on the Moment-Generating Capacity of the Muscles. Journal of Biomechanics, 26 (4-5), 485-499.

Delp, S., Loan, P., Hoy, M., et al. (1990). An Interactive Graphics-Based Model of the Lower Extremity to Study Orthopaedic Surgical Procedures. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 37 (8) , 757-767.

Deno, D. C., Murray, R. M., Pister, K. S. J. and Sastry, S. S. (1992). Fingerlike Biomechanical Robots. In Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation Vol .1. (pp. 566-572). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE Service Center.

Dohi, T. , Ohta, Y. , Suzuki, M., et al. (1990). Computer Aided Surgery System (CAS): Development Of Surgical Simulation And Planning System With Three Dimensional Graphic Reconstruction. In Proceedings of the First Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing. (pp. 458-462). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE.

Doyle, M. D., Noe, A., Carlbom, I., et al. (1994). The Virtual Embryo: VR Applications in Human Developmental Anatomy. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 38-41). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Drake, J. M. , Joy, M., Goldenberg, A. and Kreindler, D. (1991). Computer and Robotic Assisted Resection of Brain Tumours. In Proceedings of 91 ICAR. Fifth International Conference on Advanced Robotics. Robots in Unstructured Environments. (pp. 899-904). New York, NY: IEEE.

Drake, J. M., Kreindler, D., Joy, M., et al. (1993) Computer and Robotic Assisted Pediatric Neurosurgery. In Proceedings of NSF Workshop on Computer-Assisted Surgery. (pp. D-37 to D-44). Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, Biomedical Engineering Section and the Robotics and Machine Intelligence Program

Duisterhout, J. S., Hasman, A. and Salamon, R. (Eds.) (1991). Proceedings of the IMIA Working Conference in Medicine, 18-21 November, 1990. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Dumay, A. C. M. (1994). Cybersurgery. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 42-44). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Durlach, N. I. (1994). Psychophysical Considerations in the Design of Human-Machine Interfaces for Teleoperator and Virtual-Environment Systems (Abstract). In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 45-47). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Ebel, R. and Sequeira, J. (1991). Interactive Reconstruction Of Treelike Structures Using Free-Form Surfaces. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 13. (pp. 43-44). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, IEEE Service Center.

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Eno, K., Sundsten, J. W. and Brinkley, J. F. (1991). A Multimedia Anatomy Browser Incorporating a Knowledge Base and 3D Images. In Proceedings of Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (pp. 727-731). New York, NY: IEEE.

Eno, K., Sundsten, J. W. and Brinkley, J. F. (1991). A Multimedia Anatomy Browser Incorporating a Knowledge Base and 3D Images. In Proceedings of Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. (pp. 727-731). New York, NY: IEEE.

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Faulkner, G. (1994). A First Approach to Virtual Reality for Interactive Volume Rendering and Hyperthermia Treatment Planning. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics. (pp. 48-51). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Finkelstein, M. W., Johnson, L. A. and Lilly, G. E. (1991). Computer Management System for Patient Simulations. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 34 (4), 257-261.

Finlay, P. A. (1992). PAM: A Robotic Solution to Patient Handling. Industrial Robot, 19 (3), 13-15.

Finlay, P. A. (1993). Neurobot: a Fully Active Robotic System for Assisting in Neurosurgery. Industrial Robot., 20 (2), 28-29.

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Fowler, K. R. and North, R. B. (1991). Computer-Optimized Neurological Stimulation. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 13. (pp. 1692-1693). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, IEEE Service Center.

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Fuchs, H. (1990). Systems for Display of 3 Dimensional Medical Data. In K.H. Hohne, H. Fuchs, S.M. Pizer (Eds.) 3D Imaging in Medicine: Algorithms, Systems, Applications. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 3D Imaging in Medicine. Nato Advanced Science Institutes Series, Series F, Computer and Systems Science Vol. 60 (pp. 315-332). New York, NY: Springer Verlag.

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Fuchs, H., Levoy, M., Pizer, S. M. and Rosenman, J. G. (1989). Interactive Visualization and Manipulation of 3D Medical Image Data, In Proceedings of National Computer Graphics Association Annual Conference. (pp. 118-131). Fairfax, VA: NCGA.

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Fujimasa, I. (1993). Micromachining Technology and Biomedical Engineering. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology., 38 (3), 233-242.

Fujioka, M., Yokoi, S., Yasuda,T., et al. (1988). Computer-Aided Interactive Surgical Simulation For Craniofacial Anomalies Based on 3-D Surface Reconstruction CT Images. Radiation Medicine, 6 (5), 204-212.

Funda, J., Taylor, R., Eldridge, B., et al. (1994). Image-Guided Command and Control of a Surgical Robot. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 52-57). San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.

Gagner, M., Begin, E., Hurteau, R., and Pomp, A. (1994). Robotic Interactive Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Lancet, 343, 596-597.

Gallen, C. C. (1994). Neuromagnetic Functional Brain Mapping. In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics (pp. 59-62). San Diego: Aligned Management Associates.

Galloway, R., Edwards, C., Mandava, V. and Maciunas, R. (1991). An Intra-Operative Workstation For Interactive, Image-Guided Neurosurgery. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 13. (pp. 1169-1170). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, IEEE Service Center.

Gee, J. C., Barfield, W., Haynor, D. and Kim, Y. (1993). User Interface Design For Medical Imaging Workstations: Image Display And Processing. Interacting with Computers, 5 (3), 279-94.

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Geshwind, D. M. (1992). Current Research into the Medical Applications of Stereosynthesis and Cybersomatic Visualization. In Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality. San Diego, CA: Aligned Management Associates.

Gibson, S. F. F. (1993). Processing, Analysis, and Display of Multi-Dimensional Medical Images. In Proceedings of NSF Workshop on Computer-Assisted Surgery. (pp. D-41 to D-44). Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, Biomedical Engineering Section and the Robotics and Machine Intelligence Program.

Gillies, B. A., O'Brien, P. F., McVittie, R., et al. (1993). Engineering Modifications for Dynamic Stereotactically Assisted Radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 20 (5), 1491-1495.

Giorgi, C., Ongania, E., Casolino, S. D., et al. (1991). Deep Seated Cerebral Lesion Removal, Guided by Volumetric Rendering of Morphological Data, Stereotactically Acquired. Clinical Results and Technical Considerations. Acta Neurochirurgia, Suppl. 52, 19-21.

Glauser, D., Flury, P., Villotte, N. and Burckhardt, C.W. (1991). Conception Of A Robot Dedicated To Neurosurgical Operations. In Proceedings of 91 ICAR. Fifth International Conference on Advanced Robotics. Robots in Unstructured Environments. (pp. 899-904, vol.1). New York, NY: IEEE.

Goldwasser, S. M., Reynolds, R. A., Talton, D. A. and Walsh, E. S. (1988). Techniques For The Rapid Display And Manipulation Of 3-D Biomedical Data. Computerized Medical Imaging And Graphics, 12 (1), 1-24.

Green, P. E., Piantanida, T. A., Hill, J. W., et al. (1991). Telepresence: Dextrous Procedures in a Virtual Operating Field [Abstract]. American Surgeon, 57, 192.

Green, P. S. (1992). Telepresence: Advanced Teleoperator Technology for Minimally Invasive Surgery. In Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality. San Diego, CA: Aligned Management Associates.

Green, P. S., Jensen, J. F. and Zse, C. L. (1988). Reflex Transmission Imaging. In L.W. Kessler (Ed.) Proceedings of 16th International Symposium. Acoustical Imaging. Vol.19. (pp. 1-13). New York, NY: Plenum.

Green, P. S., Ostrem, J. S. and Whitehurst, T. K. (1991). Combined Reflection and Transmission Ultrasound Imaging. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 17 (3), 283-289.

Green, P. S., Ostrem, J. S. and Whitehurst, T. K. (1991). Combined Reflection and Transmission Ultrasound Imaging. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 17 (3), 283-289.

Greenleaf, W. J. (1992). The DataGlove and DataSuit Technology for Medical Applications. In Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality. San Diego, CA: Aligned Management Associates.

Greenleaf, W. J. (1992). The Dataglove and DataSuit Technology for the Medical Market. In T. Middleton (Ed.) Proceedings of Virtual Worlds: Real Challenges - Papers from SRI's 1991 Conference on Virtual Reality . (pp. 19-22). Westport, CT: Meckler Publishing.

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Yoshida, A., Noritake, J., Hayasaka, T., et al. (1993). On the Concept of Hyper Hospital, a Medical Care System Distributedly Constructed on the Electronic Information Network. In Proceedings of Robot and Human Communication, ROMAN '93 . (pp. 365-369). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.

Yoshida, R., Miyazawa, T., Doi, A. and Otsuki, T. (1993). Clinical Planning Support System--CliPPS. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 13 (6), 76-85.

Yoshida, R., Miyazawa, T., Doi, A. and Otsuki, T. (1993). Surgical Planning Support System for Stereotactic Endoscopy. In Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Image Capture, Formatting, and Display , Vol.1897. (pp. 78-89). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

Zamorano, L., Dujovny, M. and Ausman, J. I. (1989). 3D 2D Multiplanar Stereotactic Planning system: Hardware and Software Configuration, Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol.1153. (pp.552-567). Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE.

Zeilhofer, H.-F., Sader, R., Horch, H.-H., et al. (1994, Forthcoming). Computer-Assisted Individual Osteotomy Design for Mandibular Reconstruction. In Proceedings of the SPIE, Visual Data Exploration and Analysis, Technical Conference 2178. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

Zhang, J., Levesque, M. F., Wilson, C. L., Harper, R. M. et al. (1990). Multimodality Imaging of Brain Structures for Stereotactic Surgery. Radiology, 175 (2), 435-441.

Newsletter, Magazine and Newspaper Citations

(1994, April 13). In Virtual Reality, Tools for the Disabled. The New York Times, The Living Arts section, p. B6.

Akselsen, S., Eidsvik, A. K. and Folkow, T. (1993). Telemedicine and ISDN. IEEE Communications Magazine. 31 (1), pp. 46-51.

Alper, J. (1993, July 30). Biomedicine in the Age of Imaging. Science, 261 (5121), pp. 554-561.

Barillot, C. (1993, March). Surface and Volume Rendering Techniques to Display 3-D Data. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 12 (1), pp. 111-119.

Barkun, J. S., Barkun, A. N. and Sampalis, J. S. et al. (1992, November). Randomised Controlled Trial of Laparoscopic Versus Mini Cholecystectomy. The Lancet, 340 (8828), pp. 1116-1120.

Bylinsky, G. (1993, Autumn). The Payoff from 3-D Computing. [Information Technology Special Report]. Fortune, 128 (7), pp. 32-37.

Carnevale, M. L. (1992, July 19). Technology: Telecommunications Report. Wall Street Journal, p. B1.

Carr-Locke, D. L., Ferrucci, J. T., Jr., Reddick, E. J., and Sherman, M. D. (1992, August). New frontiers in GI procedures, Patient Care, 26 (13), pp. 241-258.

Cine-Med Demonstrates 'Virtual Clinic'. (1993, December). VR News, 2 (10), pp. 3, 16.

Constanzo, L. (1993, March). Robots Give a Helping Hand. Engineering, 233(3), pp. 38-40.

Feldman, S., & Starr, M. (1994). The Lightscape Visualization System. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 80-82.

Flower, J. (1994, January). The Other Revolution in Health Care. Wired, 2(1), pp. 106-113, 150.

Focus: Technology. (1993, August 12). Virtual Reality: High Tech Help for Rehabilitation. OT Week, pp. 14-17.

Garcia, B. J., & Greenstein, R. J. (1994). True-Stereoscopic Video from Monoscopic Sources: The DeepVision System for Minimally Invasive Surgery. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 52-57.

Grossman, J. H. (1994, January). Plugged-In Medicine. Technology Review, pp. 22-29.

Halle, M. (1991, March/April). Innovative Medical VR Research, CyberEdge Journal, No. 2, pp. 4-5.

Helsel, S. K. (1992, July/August). Medicine Meets Virtual Reality. Virtual Reality Report, 2 (6).

Helsel, S. K. (1992, May). Interview with Richard M. Satava, U.S. Army Medical Corps. Virtual Reality Report, 2 (4).

Henderson, J. V. (1991). Cyberspace Representation of Vietnam War Trauma. Multimedia Review, 2 (4)/(3)/1, pp. 12-22.

Holusha, J. (1993, October 31). Technology: Carving Out Real-Life Uses for Virtual Reality. New York Times, Sect. 3, p.11, Col.1.

Hon, D. (1992). Interface Quandary. Multimedia Review, 3 (3), pp. 22-24

Isdale, J. (1992, May/June). Putting Gloves on the Right Hands. Conference on Technology and Persons With Disabilities, pp. 5, 9-10

Kauffman, D. (1993). Virtual Reality: Medical and Design Applications Show the Way. IRIS Universe, No.25, pp. 48-51.

Lusted, H. S., Knapp, R. B. and Lloyd, A. (1993). Biosignal Processing and Biocontrollers. Virtual Reality Systems, 1 (1), pp. 38-39.

Mahoney, D. P. (1993, December). CAD and Medical Imaging: A Perfect Fit. Computer Graphics World, 16 (12), pp. 66, 68.

Massof, R. W. (1994, January/February). Low Vision Enhancement: Vision for the Future. Eyecare Technology, 4 (1), pp. 32-35.

McGovern, K. (1994). The Virtual Heart. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 46-47.

McGovern, K. T. and McGovern, L. T. (1994, March/April). The Virtual Clinic: A VIrtual Reality Surgical Simulator. Virtual Reality World, 2 (2), pp. 41-44.

Merril, J. (1994, July/August). Virtual Heart Surgery: Trade Show and Medical Education. Virtual Reality World, 2 (4), pp. 55-57.

Merril, J. R. (1993, November/December). Surgery on the Cutting-Edge: Virtual Reality Applications in Medical Education. Virtual Reality World, 1 (3 & 4), pp. 34-38.

Merril, J. R., Roy, R., & Raju, R. (1994). Virtual Reality for Trade Shows and Individual Physician Training. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 40-44.

Merril, J.R. (1994, January). Using VR for Medical Education. Modern Media, pp. 27-28.

Merrill, J. R. (1994, May). VR for Medical Training and Trade Show "Fly-Paper". Virtual Reality World, 2(3), pp. 53-57.

Merrill, J. R., Raju, R., & Roy, R. T. (1994). VR Applications in Medical Education. Virtual Reality Special Report, (1), pp. 61-66.

Mission Accomplished. (1994, January). NASA Tech Briefs., pp. 16-17.

Montefusco, D. (1993, March/April). A New Italian Approach to Rehabilitation. CyberEdge Journal.

Musits, B. L., & Carbone, E. J. (1994). Three-Dimensional Imaging and Robotics. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 20-23.

Naj, A. K. (1993, March 3). Virtual Reality Isn't a Fantasy for Surgeons. Wall Street Journal, pp. B1, B10 -Col. 4.

Nilan, M. S., Silverstein, and Lankes, R. D. (1993, July). The VR Technology Agenda in Medicine. Virtual Reality 93 Special Report. AI Expert, pp. 33-37.

Polese, P. A. and Ravaglia, R. (1991, July/August). Multimedia Broadband Communication in a Telemedicine Application. L'Onde Electrique, 71 (4), pp. 13-18.

Preising, B., Hsia, T. C., and Mittelstadt, B. (1991, June). A Literature Review: Robots in Medicine. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 10 (1), pp. 13-22.

Reece, R. L. (1992, September). The Hazards of Gallbladders Done Easy. (Reducing the Risks Associated with Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy), Medical WorldNews, 33 (8), pp. 40-41.

Rosenberg, L. B. (1994). Medical Applications of Virtual Reality. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 48-50.

Sandor, E., Meyers, S., & Fron, J. (1994). PHSColograms: The Photography of Virtual Reality. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 64-67.

Sangalli, A. (1992, June 20). Computer Gives Robot's Eye View of Optical Surgery, New Scientist, 134 (1826), pp. 22-23.

Satava, R. M. (1992, November). Telepresence Surgery: Medical Implications for VirtualReality. Virtual Reality '92 Conference. Reported in Virtual Reality Report, 2 (9).

Satava, R. M. (1993, Fall)). The Role of Virtual Reality in Medicine of the 21st Century. Virtual Reality Systems, 1 (2), pp. 64-67.

Satava, R. M. (1993, September). On the Cutting Edge: VR and Surgery. Virtual Reality '93: Fall Special Report. AI Expert, pp. 41-44.

Savata, R. M. (1994). Virtual Reality and the New World Order of Medicine. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), p. 6.

Stix, G. (1992, September). See-through View. Virtual Reality May Guide Physicians' Hands. Scientific American, 267 (3), p. 166.

Strasser, A., & Schaaf, B. E. (1994). Head-Mounted Displays in Laparoscopic Surgery. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 60-63.

Torma, M. J. (1994). Virtual Medicine--Clinical Promise and Economic Challenge. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 18-19.

VR: The Next Miracle Cure: Medicine Meets Virtual Reality. (1992, March/April). CyberEdge Journal, 8, p. 2.

Warner, D., Sale, J., Anderson, T., & Johanson, J. (1994). Bio-Cybernetics: A Biologically Responsive Interactive Interface. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(3), pp. 34-38.

Webb, J. (1992, July 4). Robot Eye Follows Surgeon's Every Move, New Scientist, 135 (1828), pp. 22-23.

Wheeling into Accessibility. (1992, Sept/Oct). CyberEdge Journal, 11, pp. 1,5.

Conferences, Proceedings and Symposia

Aligned Management Associates. (1992). Medicine Meets Virtual Reality: Discovering Applications for 3-D Multi-Media Interactive Technology in the Health Sciences. San Diego, CA: Aligned Management Assoc.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

Biomedical Image Processing and Biomedical Visualization , SPIE Vol. 1905. (1993) Bellingham, WA: SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering.

Biomedical Image Processing and Three-Dimensional Microscopy, SPIE Vol. 1660. (1992). Bellingham, WA: SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering.

Biomedical Image Processing, SPIE Vol. 1245. (1990) Bellingham, WA: SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Biomedical Optics Europe '94. September 6-10, 1994; Universite de Lille, Lille, France. Contact: Biomedical Optics Europe '94, EUROPTO, c/o Direct Communications GmbH, Xantener Strasse 22, D-10707 Berlin, FRG. Tel: +49-30-881 50 47/Fax: +49-30-882 20 28. CompuServe: 100140,3216 (Heckel).

Catheter Based-Sensing and Imaging Technology, SPIE vol. 1068. (1989). Bellingham, WA: SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering.

Compmed 1994 , First World Congress on Computational Medicine, Public Health, and Biotechnology. April 24-28, 1994 ; Austin, TX. Contact: Matthew Witten, Ph.D., Email: m.witten@chpc.utexas.edu, compmed94@chpc.uexas.edu, Tel: 512-471-2472/Fax: 512-471-2445.

Computer-Based Medical Systems. To be held 10-15 June, 1994, Stouffer Hotel, Winston-Salem, NC. Contact: Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Carla Muller, Dept. of Radiology, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 272157-1022. Tel: 919 716-6890/Fax: 919-716-2870.

Hohne, K.H., Fuchs, H., Pizer, S.M. (Eds.), (1990). 3D Imaging in Medicine: Algorithms, Systems, Applications. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 3D Imaging in Medicine. Nato Advanced Science Institutes Series, Series F, Computer and Systems Science Vol. 60. New York, NY: Springer Verlag.

IEE Colloquium on 3-D Imaging Techniques for Medicine, Digest No. 083. London, UK: IEE.

IEEE Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society Press.

IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society Press.

IEEE Workshop on Biomedical Image Analysis. June 24-25, 1994; The Westin Hotel, Seattle, WA. Contact: Thomas Huang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801. E-mail: huang@uicsl.csl.uiuc.edu.

Image Management and Communication in Patient Care (IMAC). Sponsored by IEEE. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Imagina '94 Forum on Computer Graphics, VR, and SFX. 16-18 February 1994. Contact: Philippe Queau, Imagina Program Chair (email: queau@ina.fr). Tel: 33-1-49-83-27-14/Fax: 33-1-49-83-25-82. Sponsored by OCM, 51, avenue Hector-Otto, MC 98000 Monaco.

International Conference on Advanced Science and Technology (ICAST). The 10th International Conference on Advanced Science and Technology (ICAST) will be held in the Indian Hill Main facility of AT&T Bell Laboratories in Naperville, Illinois, on March 26, 1994. Contact: Dr. Hermann Tai, Tel: 1-708-576-9456/Fax: 1-708-576-4153, E-mail: tai@mot.com.

International Telemetering Conference (ITC/USA '94) October 17-20, 1994; Austin, TX. The theme of the conference will be "Telemetering for the Next 30 Years" in recognition of the conference's 30th anniversary. The conference will address the role of the telemetry industry in the post cold war environment. Contact : General Chair -Terry Straehley, Straehley Associates, 1816 Santa Barbara Street, Santa Barbara, CA , 93101, Tel: 805/563-0726/FAX: 805/563-0726.

Medical Imaging VII, 15 February, 1994. Virtual Reality Applications in Medicine Workshop.

Medical Imaging, sponsored and published by SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering ; in cooperation with American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Medical Appications for Interactive Technology. (1994). Sponsored by the Plastic Surgery Research Foundation and Office of Continuing Medical Education University of California, San Diego. Contact: Aligned Management Associates, P.O. Box 23220, San Diego, CA, 92193. Tel: 619-541-1444/Fax: 619-541-1447.

Medtech '89: Medical Imaging, SPIE Vol. 1357. Bellingham, WA: SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering.

Middleton, T. (Ed.). Virtual Worlds, Real Challenges: Papers from SRI's 1991 Conference on Virtual Reality. London, UK: Meckler.

National Symposium on Education Media Technology Relating to Persons with Sensory Disabilities . July 20-22, 1994 Contact: E. William Clymer, Coordinator, Technology Symposium, Rochester Institute of Technology, National Technical Institute for the Deaf, 52 Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester, NY 14623-5604,\. Tel:716-475-6906 Fax: 716-475-6290, Email: techsym@ritvax.isc.rit.edu

NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 3D Imaging in Medicine. Nato Advanced Science Institutes Series, Series F, Computer and Systems Science, Vol. 60. New York, NY: Springer Verlag.

Nordic Conference on VR & Disabilities, (held Oct. 25-26, 1993), Contact: Magnus Magnusson, Aphasia Society of Sweden, Tel: 46 85 51 701 66/Fax: 46 85 51 739 38.

Proceedings of NSF Workshop on Computer-Assisted Surgery . Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, Biomedical Engineering Section and the Robotics and Machine Intelligence Program

Rapid Prototyping in Medicine. April 7-8, 1994. Contact: Maja Ebner, Multimedia Laboratory, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich. Tel: +41-1-257-4321/Fax: +41-1-363-0035/E-mail: ebner@ifi.unizh.ch.

Robb, R. A. (Ed.). (1992). Visualization in Biomedical Computing , SPIE Vol. 1808. Bellingham, Washington : SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Stereoscopic Displays and Applications. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Stereroscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Sytems, vol. 2177, 8-10 February 1994, San Jose, CA. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

SPIE Vol. 2177 A - Stereoscopic Displays and Applications V

SPIE Vol. 2177 B - The Engineering Reality of Virtual Reality

Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, IEEE.

Technology & Persons With Disabilities, March 16-19, 1994, Airport Marriott, Los Angeles, CA. Contact: Center on Disabilities, 1811 Nordhoff St. - DVSS, Northridge, CA , 91330. Tel: 818 85-2578/Fax: 818 885-4929, hmurphy@vax.csun.edu.

Telecommunications for Health Care: Telemetry, Teleradiology, and Telemedicine. (1990). SPIE Vol. 1355. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Upson, C. (Ed.) (1989, May). Proceedings of the Chapel Hill Workshop on Volume Visualization. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.

Vannier, M. W., Yates, R. E. and Whitestone, J. J. (Eds.) (1993). Proceedings from the Working Group on Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Electronic Imaging of the Human Body. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: CSERIAC.

Virtual Reality - Virtual Freedom. First conference was held in 1993, Contact: Washington Technology Access Center, 8705 323nd Place SW, Edmonds, WA, 98026. Tel: 206-776-3663. WTA@Applelink.

Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities. 2nd Annual, International Conference - June 8-10, 1994, San Francisco Airport Marriott Hotel. Sponsored by California State University, Northridge (CSUN). Sponsored by IEEE and CSUN Center on Disabilities. Contact: Dr. Harry Murphy/Center on Disabilities, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8340 Tel: 818 85-2578/Fax: 818 885-4929 Email: VR@VAX.CSUN.EDU.

Virtual Reality in Rehabilitation: Research, Experiences and Perspectives . June 17-18, 1994; Gubbio, Italy. Contact: Prof. Alberto Freddi, Neurophysiopathology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Terni Hospital, Terni, Italy. Tel: 0744 205 297/Fax: 0744 428 147.

Dr. Massimo Bergamasco, Scuola Superiore S. Anna, Via Carducci, 40, 56127 Pisa, Italy. Tel: 050 560108/Fax: 050 559215/Email: bergamasco@sssup1.sssupit.

Virtual Reality in Surgery and Medicine. International Conference, 21-23 April, 1994 , Weetwood Hall Conference Centre, Leeds UK. Sponsored by Computer Graphics Society. Contact: Mrs. F. J. Johnson, Conference Office, University of Leeds, LEEDS LS2 9JT, U.K. Tel: 0532-336110, 0532-336103/Intl: 44-532-336100/Fax: 0532-336107.

Visual Data Exploration and Analysis , Vol. 2178, 7-8 February 1994, San Jose, Conference Chairs: Robert J. Moorhead, Deborah E. Silver, and Samuel P. Uselton. Samuel Uselton chairs Section 5, Medical Visualization.

Visualization '94. 17-21 October, 1994. Contact: Nahum Gershon Tel: 703-883-7518/Fax: 703-883-6663/Email: gershon@mitre.org or Bill Ribarsky, Tel: 404-894-6148/Fax: 404-894-6157/Email: bill.ribarsky@oit.gatech.edu. IEEE.

Patents

4,542,291, Sept.. 17, 1985, Optical flex sensor, Zimmerman, Thomas G., Flushing, NY

4,907,973, Mar. 13, 1990, Expert system simulator for modeling realistic

internal environments and performance, Hon, David C., 1450 Northwest Woodbine Way, Seattle, WA 98103

4,937,444, Jun. 26, 1990, Optical flex sensor, Zimmerman, Thomas G., Flushing, NY

4,972,074, Nov. 20, 1990, Optical attenuator movement detection system, Wright, Scott M., 69 Lakewood Dr., Mineral City, Ohio 44656

4,986,280, Jan. 22, 1991, Hand position/measurement control system, Marcus, B., Lexington, MA. Lawrence, W. T., Bedford, MA. Churchill, P., Arlington, MA.

4,988,981, Jan. 29, 1991, Computer data entry and manipulation apparatus and method, Zimmerman, Thomas G., San Francisco, CA. Lanier, Jaron Z., Palo Alto, CA.

5,047,952, Sept.. 10, 1991, Communication system for deaf, deaf-blind, or non-vocal individuals using instrumented glove, Kramer, James P., Stanford, CA. Lindener, Peter, E. Palo Alto, CA. George, William R., Palo Alto, CA.

5,097,252, Mar. 17, 1992, Motion sensor which produces an asymmetrial signaling response to symmetrical movement, Harvill, Young L., Palo Alto, CA. Zimmerman, Thomas G., San Francisco, CA. Grimaud, Jean-Jacques G., Palo Alto, CA.

5,143,505, Sept.1, 1992, Actuator system for providing force feedback to a dextrous master glove, Burdea, Grigore C., New York, NY. Zhuang, Jiachen, Piscataway, NJ.

5,184,319, Feb. 2, 1993, Force feedback and textures simulating interface device, Kramer, James F., P.O. Box 5984, Stanford, CA, 94309

5,224,049, Jun. 29, 1993, Method, system and mold assembly for use in preparing a dental prosthesis, Mushabac, David R., 919 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11226

5,255,211, Oct. 19, 1993, Methods and apparatus for generating and processing synthetic and absolute real time environments, Redmond, Scott, Fresno, CA.

5,257,184, Oct. 26, 1993, Method and apparatus with multiple data input

styli for collecting curvilinear contour data, Mushabac, David R., 919 Ocean

Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226

Newsletters and Magazines

AI Expert - Virtual Reality Special Report. San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, Inc. This special report contains helpful, easy-to-digest information from qualified experts in the field. A recommended starting point for any user. For ordering information contact: 1-800-274-2534 or 1-303-447-9330 in Colorado or outside the US. Publisher is Miller Freeman Inc., 600 Harrison St., San Francisco, CA 94107, 415-905-2200.

CSERIAC Gateway. Published by the Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 45433-6573, Internet: CSERIAC@FALCON.AAMRL.WPAFB.AF.MIL, Tel: 513-255-4842.

CyberEdge Journal: The World's Leading Newsletter of Virtual Reality. Published six times yearly. Ben Delaney, editor. The Delaney Companies, #1 Gate Six Road, Suite G, Sausalito, CA 94965.

CyberEdge Journal Special Edition: Medicine & Biotech. Walter Greenleaf, Editor. Published quarterly by The Delaney Companies, #1 Gate Six Road, Suite G, Sausalito, CA 94965.

IRIS Universe: The Magazine of Visual Computing. Published quarterly by Silicon Graphics, Inc., 2011 North Shoreline Boulevard, Mail Stop 415, Mountain View, CA 94039-7311. Subscriptions are available to qualified users. ISSN 1061-6608

OE Reports. Published monthly by SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering, news and commentary for the international optoelectronics industry, managing editor Rich Donnelly. ISSN 1048-6879.

Real Time Graphics. newsletter, 10 /yr., $85/year-individual/US rate. CGSD Corporation, 2483 Old Middlefield Way #140, Mt. View, CA 94043-2330; Tel: 415-903-4924/Fax: 415-967-5252; Email: roywlatham@cup.portal.com.

Telemedicine: The Monthly Newsletter of Telecommunications in Health Care., published monthly by Miller Freeman Inc. Subscription information: Delia Atkins, Telemedicine, 600 Harrison St., San Francisco, CA 94107; 415-905-2371.

The Telemedicine Newsletter. Published by KUMC, The University of Kansas Medical Center. Cancer Center, Robinson Hall, KUMC, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66103. Tel: 913-588-4708/Fax: 913-588-4701.

Moden Media (wasVirtual Reality News) . News on people, corporations, products and applications. bi-monthly. Published by Magellan Marketing, Inc., 38640 Oakbrook Road, Farmington Hills, MI. E-mail: larryv@msen.com.

Virtual Reality Review. Published quarterly by Meckler Publishing as a supplement to MultiMedia Review. ISSN 1060-9547.

Virtual Reality Report: The International Newsletter of VR. Sandra Helsel, editor. Published ten times per year. Meckler Publishing, Westport, CT. Tel: 1-800-635-5537/Email:meckler@jvnc.net

Virtual Reality Systems. Rory Stuart, editor-in-chief. Published quarterly. SIG-ADVANCED APPLICATIONS, INC. 1562 First Avenue, Suite 286, New York NY 10028; Telephone: 212-717-1318/Fax: 212-861-0588. Stan Goldstein, publisher.

VR News - The Virtual Realty Newsletter. Published 10 times. Cydata Limited, PO Box 2515, London N4 4JW, England; Tel & Fax: (44) 81-292-1498; Managing Editor: Mike Bevan.

VR Monitor: The Journal of Virtual Reality. Published bi-monthly. Matrix Information Services, 18560 Bungalow Drive, Lathrup Village, MI. Email: matrix@well.sf.ca.us Frank Dunn, editor.

Journals

Communications of the ACM. A monthly publication of the Association of Computing Machinery. ISSN 0001-0782.

Computer Graphics Forum: Journal of the European Association for Computer Graphics. Amsterdam : North Holland. ISSN 0167-7055.

Computer Graphics. Published by the Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics of the Association for Computing Machinery. ISSN 0097- 8930.

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. Amsterdam: North-Holland. ISSN 0010-468X.

Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. Pergamon Press, published bi-monthly, ISSN: 0895-6111.

Computers and Biomedical Research. Academic Press, bimonthly, ISSN . 0010-4809.

Critical Reviews of Bioengineering (was Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering). Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, ISSN 0731-6984

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, ISSN 0738-8551.

Human Factors. Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. ISSN 0018-7208.

IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. Los Alamitos, CA:IEEE Computer Society. ISSN 0272-1716.

IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine : the quarterly magazine of the Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society. ISSN 0739-5175.

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. New York, NY: IEEE, ISSN 0018-9294. Other Titles-- IEEE Transactions On Bio-Medical Engineering, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Transactions On Bio-Medical Engineering.

Japanese Journal of Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering. Iyo denshi to seitai kogaku [Japanese]. Tokyo: Koronasha.

Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. Raven Press, bimonthly, ISSN 0363-8715.

Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation. ISSN 1049-8907, published quarterly by John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158,, USA.

Optical Engineering. Published monthly by the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (Bellingham, WA: SPIE). ISSN 0091-3286.

Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Published quarterly by the MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 02142. Subscription requests should be addressed to MIT Press Journals, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. Tel: (617) 253-2889. ISSN 1054-7460. Presence is being advertised as "the journal for our field". The editorial board contains members from the HIT Lab, JPL, NASA, UNC, Telepresence Research, VPL, MIT, IBM, EXOS, Apple, and many other groups doing Virtual Reality research.

Simulation. Published monthly by Simulation Councils, Inc. Editorial and Circulation: Society for Computer Simulation (SCS) P.O. Box 17900, San Diego, California 92177. Tel: 619-277-3888. ISSN 0037-5497.

Videotapes

Reality Imaging Corporation. (1990). Medical Imaging I with the VoxelFlinger 3-D Imaging System [Videotape]. Nicasio, CA: Media Magic.

Merril, J. (1991). Virtual Reality & Medicine. [Videotape]. High Techsplanations, Inc. Available through Media Magic Catalog, Nicasio, CA.

Medicine Meets Virtual Reality [Videotape]. (1992). 2 tapes: Hightlights 1, Highlights 2. Available through CyberEdge Journal.

Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II. (1994). San Diego, CA: Convention Recorders.

Vicom Systems, Inc. (1990). Medical Imaging II [Videotape]. Nicasio, CA: Media Magic.

Virtual Reality - Virtual Freedom. (1993). Edmonds, WA: Washington Technology Access Center.

Research Centers

Arizona Health Science Center
1501 N Campbell Ave
Tucson, AZ 85724
Tel: 602-626-7257/Fax: 602-626-4376

Artma Biomedical, Inc.
Salt Lake City, UT 84180
Tel: 801-575-6263/Fax: 801-575-8421

Brigham and Women's Hospital
Surgical Planning Laboratory - Radiology Dept.
Boston, MA
Dr. Ron Kikinis

Carnegie Mellon University
5000 Forbes Ave
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Tel: 412-268-3048/Fax: 412-268-5016

Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
One Medical Center Dr
Lebanon, NH 03756
Tel: 603-650-5148/Fax: 603-650-5809

Dartmouth Medical School
Interactive Media Laboratory
Contact: Joseph Henderson, M.D.

Drexel University
32nd & Chestnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Tel: 215-895-1924/Fax: 215-895-4983

Duke University
Box 3167
Durham, NC 27710
Tel: 919-681-5505/Fax: 919-681-5507
Development of flexible sigmoidoscopy training device.

Foundation for Informed Decision Marking
Hanover, New Hampshire
Shared decision-making programs, marketable through Sony Medical Systems

Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing
Nobelstrausse 12
Stuttgart, Germany
Tel: 49-711-970-1307/Fax: 49-711-970-1005

Georgia Institute of Technology
400 Tenth St NW
Atlanta, GA 30332-0200
Tel: 404-894-3964/Fax: 404-894-7025

Harvard School of Dental Medicine
Dr. David Altobelli

Hines Rehabilitation and R&D Center
Hines, ILL

Human Interface Technology Laboratory (HITL)
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
Tel: 206-685-8625/Fax: 206-543-5380

IBM T J Watson Research Center
PO Box 704 Yorktown Heights
New York, NY 10598
Tel: 914-784-7678/Fax: 914-784-6282

Johannes Gutenburg-Universitat
Langenbeckstrasse 1 Postfach 3960
Mainz, Germany
Tel: 49-61-31-171/Fax: 49-61-31-17-22-74

Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4800 Oak Grove Dr MS 198-219
Pasadena, CA 91109
Tel: 818-354-2681

Johns Hopkins University Hospital
Wilmer Eye Institute
Low Vision Enhancement System

Loma Linda University
Advanced Technology Center
11175 Mt. View Avenue, Suite O
Loma Linda, CA USA 92354
Voice: 714-799-2150/Fax: 714-799-2149
Contact: Dave Warner
Neuro-rehabilitation workstation: combine data acquisition, interface technology, analytical techniques, and multisensory rendering.

Loma Linda University School of Medicine
11406 Loma Linda Ave
Loma Linda, CA 92354
Tel: 909-799-6190/Fax: 909-799-6106

Long Island College Hospital
350 Henry St
Brooklyn, NY 11201
Tel: 718-780-1884/Fax: 718-780-1392

Massachusetts General Hospital, East
Center for Imaging and Pharmaceutical Research
149, 13th St.
Charleston, MA 012129
Tel: 617-726-7834/Fax: 617-726-7830
Email: cipr-server@mgh.harvard.edu
p> Mayo Clinic
Rochester MN 55905
Tel: 507-255-4768/Fax: 517-255-4828

Mayo Foundation
Dept Physiology & Biophysics
Rochester, MN 55905
Tel: 507-284-2997/Fax: 507-284-1632

McGill University
3775 University St, Rm 315
Montreal Canada
Tel: 514-398-6740/Fax: 514-398-8244

McIntyre Eye Clinic & Surgery Center
1920 116th Ave NE
Bellevue, WA 98004
Tel: 206-646-4003/Fax: 206-646-5914

Medical College of Georgia
1120 15th St AF-1039
Augusta, GA 30912
Tel: 706-721-6616/Fax: 706-721-2303

Moet Institute
153 States St
San Francisco, CA 94114
Tel: 415-626-3400/Fax: 415-626-3444

National Cancer Institute
6130 Executive Blvd, Rm 800
Rockville, MD 20892
Tel: 301-496-9531/Fax: 301-480-5785

NASA/Johnson Space Center
Mail Code PT4
Houston, TX 77058
Tel: 713-483-8070/Fax: 713-244-5698

The Neurosciences Institute
3377 N Torrey Pines Ct
La Jolla, CA 92037
Tel: 619-554-3200/Fax: 619-554-9159

Ohio Supercomputer Center
1224 Kinnear Rd
Columbus, OH 43212-1163
Tel: 614-292-9248/Fax: 614-292-7168

Scripps Research Institute
10666 N Torey Pines Rd - BCR-1
La Jolla, CA 92037
Tel: 619-554-8563/Fax: 619-554-6288

Shadyside Medical Center
5200 Centre Ave
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Tel: 412-623-2673/Fax: 412-623-4333

SRI Institute
Virtual Perception Program
333 Ravenswood Ave.
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Tel: 415-326-6200/Fax: 415-326-5512
Tom Piantanida

Stanford University :
MRI Imaging Lab
Simulation of the human hand
Contact: Damon Schechter <orkin@leland.stanford.edu>

State University Hospital Gent
De Pintelaan 185-5K3
B 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel: 32-9-240-34-36/Fax: 32-9-240-34-39

SUNY - Health Science Center at Brooklyn
450 Clarkson Ave, Box 40
Brooklyn, NY 11203
Tel: 718-270-1949/Fax: 718-270-2826

Technical University of Berlin
Franklinstrasse 28/29
Berlin, Germany
Tel: 49-30-314-23-865/Fax: 49-30-314-21-103

TNO-Physics and Electronics Laboratory
PO Box 96864
The Haag Netherland
Tel: 31-70-3264221/Fax: 31-70-3280961

UCLA Medical Center
10833 LeConte Ave - BL428
Los Angeles, CA 90024
Tel: 310-825-7299/Fax: 310-206-5725

UCSD Medical Center
225 Dickenson St
San Diego, CA 92103-9981
Tel: 619-543-6084/Fax: 619-543-3645

University Heart Center
450 Newport Cr Dr, Ste 200
Newport Beach, CA 92660
Tel: 714-640-6110/Fax: 714-640-6033

University of Akron
Institute for Biomedical Engineering
Akron, OH 44325-0302
Tel: 206-972-6653/Fax: 216-374-8834

University of North Carolina
209 Sitterson Hall
Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599-3175
Voice: 919-962-1876/Fax: 919-962-1799
Ultrasound visualization, VistaNet, and other medical applications involving object recognition from volume data, and the GRIP arm + HMD, which allows the user to feel forces and interact with things at an atomic scale.

University of Pennsylvania
418 Service Dr, 4th Flr Blockley Hall
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Tel: 215-662-6780/Fax: 215-898-9145

University of Washington
Human Interface Technology Laboratory
FJ-15, Univ. of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
Tel: 206-685-8625/Fax: 206-543-5380
Contact: weghorst@hitl.washington.edu

Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Research Consortium Massachusetts Institute of Technology
50 Vassar St
Cambridge, MA 02139
Tel: 617-253-2534/Fax: 617-258-7003

Commercial Organizations


Advanced Visual Systems, Inc.
2101 Business Center DR, Ste. 130
Irvine, CA 92715
Tel: 714-253-4173/Fax: 714-263-9144
abs@avs.com
Product: Software tools for X-window workstations for visual programming and visualization, including 2-D image processing and 3-D geometric and volume rendering.

Andronic Devices, Ltd.
140-13120 Vanier Place
Richmond, BC, Canada V6V 2J2
Tel: 800-563-7667
Product: ENDEX Endoscopy Positioning System

ARTMA Biomedical, Inc.
5 Triad Center, Ste 580
Salt Lake City, UT 84180
Tel: 801-575-6263/Fax: 801-575-8421
Product: 3-D monitoring of endoscopic surgery.

Ascension Technology Corp.
P.O. Box 527
Burlington, VT 05402
Tel: 802-860-6440/Fax: 802-860-6439
Product: A Flock of Birds 6 degree-of-freedome Magnetic Tracker, Extended Range Transmitter (ERT)

BioControl Systems, Inc.
430 Cowper Street
Palo Alto, CA 94301
Tel: 415-329-8496/Fax: 415-329-8498
Product: BioMuse biosignal processor.

Boston Scientific Corp.
480 Pleasant St
Watertown, MA 02172
Tel: 617-972-4400/Fax: 617-923-0407

Cine'-Med, Inc.
127 Main St. N.
Woodbury, CT 06798
Contact: Kevin McGovern
Tel: 203-263-0006/Fax: 203-263-4839
Product: minimally invasive surgical simulator, Virtual Clinic.

Computer Motion, Inc.
250 Storke Road, Suite A.
Goleta, CA 93117
Tel: 805-685-3729/Fax: 805-685-9277
Contact: James W. Wright, Director of Marketing
Product: AESOP, Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning

Cybernet Systems Corporation
1919 Green Rd, Ste B-101
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Tel: 31-668-2567/Fax: 313-668-8780
Product: PER-Force force reflecting hand controller (NASA commercial product).

Dimension Technologies, Inc.
315 Mt. Read Blvd
Rochester, NY 14611
Tel: 716-436-3530/Fax: 716-435-3280
Product: DTI 1100C - an LCD-based "virtual window" autostereoscopic display for real-time 3-D imaging that does not require glasses.

Dimensional Media Associates
16 E 40th St
New York, NY 10016
Tel: 212-685-8375/Fax: 212-545-0740
Product: A 3-D projector system for use in diagnostic imaging of 3-D data sets.

Elektroson USA
31 Waterloo Ave
Berwyn, PA 19312
Tel: 215-695-8444/Fax: 215-695-8440
Product: CD-interactive and CD-ROM healthcare training applications and authoring tools.

Engineering Animation, Inc.
2625 N Loop Dr
Ames, IA 50010
Tel: 515-296-9908/Fax: 515-296-7025
Product: VisLab software package.

EXOS, Inc.
2-A Gill St.
Woburn, MA 01801
Tel: 617-933-0022/Fax: 617-933-0303
Products: TouchMaster, Dynamic Wrist Unit (DWU), Dextrous HandMaster (DHM), Position ArmMaster, Force ArmMaster, and Sensing and Force Reflecting Exoskeleton (SAFIRE).

Fakespace
4085 Campbell Ave
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Tel: 415-688-1940/ Fax: 415-688-1949
Products: High-resolution boom-mounted stereo displays with position tracking.

Flogiston Corp.
16701 Westview Trail
Austin, TX 78737
Tel: 512-323-2083/Fax: 512-323-9564
Product: Flogiston Chair 2.0

GE Medical Systems
1 River Rd, KW/C215
Schenectady, NY 12345
Tel: 518-387-6744/Fax: 518-387-6860

Greenleaf Medical Systems
2248 Park Blvd.
Palo Alto, CA USA 94306
Tel: 415-321-6135/800-925-0925/Fax: 415-321-0419
Products: DataGlove, GloveTalker, EVAL System, Gesture Control System, Movement Analysis Software (MAS).

High Techsplanations, Inc.
6001 Montrose Rd, Ste 902
Rockville, MD 20852
Contact: Johnathan Merril, Tel: 301-984-3707/Fax: 301-984-2104
Product: interactive 3D surgical training systems, Virtual Reality Medical Procedure Simulator.

Iliad
5605 Ocean View Drive
Oakland, CA 94623-1354
Tel: 510-658-9999/Fax: 510-658-7214
Product: Computer-based diagnostic tools for internal medicine.

Immersion Corp.
PO Box 8669
Palo Alto, CA 94309-8669
Tel: 415-960-6882/Fax: 415-960-6977
Product: The Immersion PROBE

Integrated Surgical Systems, Inc.
829 W Stadium Ln
Sacramento, CA 95834
Tel: 916-646-3487/Fax: 916-646-4075

International Telepresence
Vancouver, Canada
Tel: 604-873-3300
email: tom_mitchell@mindlink.bc.ca
Product: 3-D stereo laparoscopy system.

ISG Technologies, Inc.
Contact: Doron Dekel
Tel: 1-800-724-5970/email: doron@isgtec.com
Products: Viewing Wand (for stereotactic surgery), Allegro (Unix workstation for CT/MRI), Gyroview: MRI/CT workstation, DoxBox: personal viewing station for radiologists and surgeons.

IVI Publishing
1380 Corporate Ctr Curve
Eagan, MN 55318
Tel: 612-686-6895/Fax: 612-686-0721
Product: Medical and health information in digital and interactive formats, including "Mayo Clinic Health Book CD-ROM" and "Mayo Clinic Heart Book CD-ROM".

Ixion, Inc.
1335 N. Northlake Way #102
Seattle, WA 98103
Tel: 206-547-8801/Fax: 206-547-8802
Product: medical simulators based on interactive media and tactile interfaces.

Lateiner Dataspace Corporation
500 W Cummings Park, Ste 1700
Woburn, MA 01801-6336
Tel: 617-937-8330/Fax: 617-937-8331

Latent Image Development Corp.
111 4th Ave., Ste 8-H, NY, NY 10003
Tel: 212-777-2898/ Fax: 201-420-9568
Products: StereoSynthesis process, which converts 2-D film/video to 3-D format. A 3-D paint system which permits illustrators to paint stereoscopic images in three dimensions.

Logitech
6505 Kaiser Drive
Fremont, CA 94555
Tel: 510-795-8500/Fax: 510-792-8901
Products: 2D/3D Mouse and HeadTracker (line of sight ultrasonic trackers)

Medical Concepts Incorporated
University Business Center
175 B Cremona Drive
Goleta, CA 93117
Product: endoscopic imaging devises and systems.

Micro-Dexterity Systems
6401 Poplar, Ste 190
Memphis, TN 38119
Tel: 800-423-0404/Fax: 901-761-0727
Product: Ophthalmic surgery devices.

Moco, Inc.
91 Surfside Road
P.O. Box A
Scituate, MA 02055
Tel: 617-545-2040
Product: The Rehabilitation Workstation.

Mondo-tronics Inc.
524 San Anselmo Ave. #107
San Anselmo, CA 94960
Tel: 415-455-9330/Fax: 415-455-9333
Product: TiNi Alloy Company's Tactor tactile feedback system

n-Vision Inc.
7915 Jones Branch Drive
McLean, VA 22102
Tel: 703-506-8808/Fax: 703-903-0455
Product: high resolution head-mounted displays-- Datavisor 9c, Datavisor 10m and Quarterwave (hmd designed for medical applications).

Northern Digital Inc.
Product: OPTOTRACK 3D Motion Measurement System
Contact: Leon Kehl, eon@ndigital.com
Tel: (519) 884-5142/Fax: (519) 884-5184
(800) 265-2741 U.S. Only

Optics 1 (O1)
3050 Hillcrest Dr, Ste 100
Westlake Village, CA 91362
Tel: 800-538-3008/Fax: 805-372-8966
Product: Lightweight dual-channel, full-color, head-mounted video display for stereoscopic 3-D imagery or conventional video from any source.

Piedmont Systems, Inc.
PO Box 220715
Chantilly, VA 22022
Tel: 703-631-4240/Fax: 703-631-9170
Product: Computer-based multimedia laparoscopic hernia repair training system.

Pixys, Inc.
5690-B Central Ave
Boulder, CO 80301
Tel: 303-447-0248/Fax: 303-447-3905
Product: Infra-red 3-D localizer/digitizer for interactive image-guided therapy.

Polhemus, Inc.
1 Hercules Drive
Colchester, VT 05446
Tel: 802-655-3159/ Fax: 802-655-1439
Product: 3Space Fastrak, electromagnetic 6D position/orientation trackers.

Shooting Star Technology
1921 Holdom Ave
Burnaby, BC, Canada
Tel: 604-298-8574/ Fax: 604-298-8580
Product: ADL-1, mechanically coupled 6D position/orientation tracker.

Silicon Graphics Computer Systems
2011 W Shoreline Blvd
Mt View, CA 94039
Tel: 415-390-3355/Fax: 415-390-6058
Product: Onyx graphics computers for virtual reality applications and low cost Indy digital media workstations.

Sony Medical Systems
Contact: Susan Cahill
Tel: 201-930-7098
Product: Interactive video equipment, exclusive distributors of Shared Decision-making Programs.

Stealth Technologies, Inc.
101 E Alton
Marine, IL 62061-0427
Tel: 618-887-4142/Fax: 618-887-4143
Product: The Neurostation, an image-guided neurosurgery workstation.

StereoGraphics Corp.
12171 E Francisco Blvd
San Rafael, CA
Tel: 415-455-1832/Fax: 415-459-3020
Products: CrystalEyes shutter glasses and stereo video viewing systems.

Stereomed, Inc .
724 South Victory Blvd
Burbank, CA 91502
Tel: 818-559-6515/Fax: 818-761-4971
Product: stereoscopic imagery for operating room.

TiNi Alloy Company
1621 Neptune Dr
San Leandro, CA 94577
Tel: 510-483-9676/Fax: 510-483-1309
Product: tactile feedback devices based on shape memory alloy technology.

Virtual Reality, Inc.
485 Washington Ave
Pleasantville, NY 10570
Tel: 914-769-0900/ Fax: 914-769-7106
Product: virtual reality system for utilization with MRI units, Stereoscopic Minimally Invasive Surgery Vision System.

Virtual Research
3193 Belick St, Ste 2
Santa Clara, CA 95054
Tel: 408-748-8712/Fax: 408-748-8714
Products: head-mounted displays including the EyeGen3.

Virtual Technologies
2175 Park Blvd.
Palo Alto, CA 94306
Tel: 415-321-4900/Fax: 415-321-4912
Products: CyberGlove, CyberForce, CyberWear, GestureGlove, CyberCAD, VirtualHand

Virtual Vision, Inc.
7659 - 178th Place NE
Redmond, WA 98052
Tel: 206 882-7878/Fax: 206 882-7373
Product: non-immersive head-mounted video display systems for use with endoscopy, ultrasound, etc.

Vista Medical Technologies
2752 Loker Ave W
Carlsband, CA 92008
Tel: 619-438-9361/Fax: 619-438-9167
Product: vision immersion module (VIM) head-mounted display systems for endosurgery.

Voxel
26081 Merit Circle Suite 117
Laguna Hills, CA 92653
Tel: 714-348-3202/Fax: 714-348-8665
Product: volumetric holography, imaging and viewing systems

Vox-L, Inc.
500 W Cummings Park, Ste 1700
Woburn, MA 01801
Tel: 617-937-8330/Fax: 617-937-8331
Products: The Vox-L Stereoscopic Workstation, Vox-L Visualizer for MS-Windows NT and Windows.

XTensory, Inc.
140 Sunridge Drive
Scotts Valley, CA 95066
Tel: 408-439-0600/ Fax: 408-439-0600
Products: TacTools - tactile feedback system, XVS.

On-line Resources

Last Update: June 26, 1995

BITMed Laboratory for Biological Informatics and Theoretical Medicine.

CNS Gopher - Medicine and Health Information Resources. The CNS gopher contains the 1993 WEDI (Workgroup for Electronic Data Exchange) Report. Available through gopher: gopher cns.cscns.com, choose "Enter The CNS Gopher", and then "Medicine and Health."

Computational Medicine and Allied Health Center . Available through gopher: almach.chpc.utexas.edu Menu: University of Texas System Center for High Performance.

HealthLink. University of Washington Health Sciences Center, IAIMS Project.

HEALTHNET. Internet forum for discussion of issues surrounding high speed networking initiatives focusing on (but not specific to) Canadian health care. Anyone who is working on or with an interest in these initiatives is invited to join and contribute. To subscribe to Healthnet send an e-mail message to: listserv@calvin.dgbt.doc.ca and in the body of the message put the command: "subscribe healthnet Firstname Lastname".

Image Processing and Analysis Group, Yale School of Medicine.

Lateiner Dataspace
Telephone: 617.937.8330/FAX 617.9ff37.8331
E-mail: NET info@dataspace.com
Available via anonymous Medical Resources and Information. Available via Australia National University Bioinformatics Facility and John Curtin's School of Medical Research's WWW server. This is an excellent source. From this home page, you can access HyperDOC, NIH, World Health Organization, as well as biomedical images, Cancernet, medical libraries and DATABASE's tomography images.

National Library of Medicine . HyperDOC. Online exhibitions of the NLM's resources for historical scholarship in medical and related sciences are available at History of Medicine Division, NLM

Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Research Group.

NSF HPCC Science Highlights --Ultrasound & Virtual Reality . Scanning Ultrasound Data with Virtual Reality in Obstetrics.

Oncolink. A WWW server and gopher server oriented to cancer, produced by the University of Pennsylvania Multimedia Oncology Resource.

USENET GROUPS:

sci.med.telemedicine : clinical consulting through computer networks.

comp.simulation: simulation methods, problems, uses.

sci.virtual-worlds: virtual interface technology discussion group.

sci.virtual-worlds.apps: current and future uses of virtual interface technology.

Virtual Genome Center. Genome Project , University of Minnesota.

The Virtual Hospital (VH) is a continuously updated medical multimedia database stored on computers and accessed through high speed networks 24 hours a day.

Virtual Medical Center. "The VMC simulates the educational, consultative, and collegial environment of a university medical center, with clinical departments, specialty clinics and other medical center services for all health professionals." Contact: Dr. Robert Flaherty, UW Clinical Professor, Family Medicine, VMC Project Dir., Tel: 406-994-6001, Montana State University. To connect: 800-544-4485 (Washington and Montana only), no user or connect fees.

Virtual Interface Technology Bibliography (FTP)

VOXEL-MAN. 3D interactive atlas of skull and brain. Available via anonymous FTP

World Health Organization.

World Wide Web Virtual Library: Biosciences. Comprehensive list of medical HTML sites and selected resources. World Wide Web

GLOSSARY:

Definitions are derived from:
Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. and Thomas, J. P. (Eds.). (1986). Handbook of Human Perception and Human Performance. New York : Wiley.

Thomas, C. L. (Ed.) (1989). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, edition 16. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co.

Biocybernetics: Computer acts on changes in brain waves which people can learn to control through biofeedback.

CT: Computed Tomography.

Electrooculography: Technology which implements eye signals and allows user, in the virtual environment, to "grab" objects by looking at them.

Electromyography: Technology that monitors subtle muscle contractions which would potentially allow user to initiate and control movements in a virtual environment

Field-of-View: That portion of space which the fixed eye can see.

HMD: Head Mounted Display.

HUD: Head-Up Display.

LCD: Liquid Crystal Display.

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.

PET: Positron Emission Tomography

Stereopsis: Stereoscopic vision

Stereoscopic: Vision in which things have the appearance of solidity and relief as though seen in three dimensions. Binocular vision produces this effect.

Stereotaxis: A method of precisely locating areas in the brain; use of this technique is essential in certain neurosurgical procedures. (stereotaxic, stereotactic: concerning stereotaxis).

(c) 1994 Human Interface Technology Laboratory


Human Interface Technology Lab