Prediction of Simulator Sickness
in a Virtual Environment

[Table of Contents]


References

Baltzley, D.R., Kennedy, R.S., Berbaum, K.S., Lilienthal, M.G., & Gower, D.W. (1989). The time course of postflight simulator sickness symptoms. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60(11), 1043-1048.

Barrett, G.V. & Thornton, C.L. (1968). Relationship between perceptual style and simulator sickness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52(4), 304-308.

Barrett, G.V., Thornton, C.L., & Cabe, P.A. (1969). Relationship between embedded figures test performance and simulator behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(3), 253-254.

Barrett, G.V., Thornton, C.L., & Cabe, P.A. (1970). Cue conflict related to perceptual style. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(3), 258-264.

Benson, A.J. (1978). Motion sickness. In G. Dhenin, G.R. Sharp, & J. Ernsting (Eds.), Aviation medicine: Physiology and human factors (Ch. 22). London: Tri-med Books Limited.

Biocca, F. (1992). Will simulation sickness slow down the diffusion of virtual environment technology? Presence, 1(3), 334-343.

Botwinick, J. & Brinley, J.F. (1963). Age differences in relations between CFF and apparent motion. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 102, 189-194.

Casali, J.G. & Wierwille, W.W. (1986). Vehicular simulation-induced sickness, Volume III: Survey of etiological factors and research facility requirements. IEOR Technical Report No. 8503. (NTSC TR 86-012). Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center.

Claremont, C.A. (1931). The psychology of seasickness. Psyche, 11, 86-90.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Cohen, J. & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Crampton, G.H. & Young, F.A. (1953). The differential effects of a rotary visual field on susceptibles and nonsusceptibles to motion sickness. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology, 46, 451-453.

Crowley, J.S. (1987). Simulator sickness: A problem for Army aviation. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 58(4), 355-357.

Durlach, N.I. & Mavor, A.S. (Eds.) (1995). Virtual reality: Scientific and technological challenges. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Ebenholtz, S.M. (1977). Determinants of the rod and frame effect: The role of retinal size. Perception and Psychophysics, 22(6), 531-538.

Ekstrom, R.B., French, J.W., Harman, H.H. & Dermen, D. (1976). Manual for kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Fowlkes, J.E., Kennedy, R.S., Hettinger, L.J., & Harm, D.L. (1993). Changes in the dark focus of accommodation associated with simulator sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 64(7), 612-618.

Fowlkes, J.E., Kennedy, R.S., & Lilienthal, M.G. (1987). Postural disequilibrium following training flights. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, 488-491.

Frank, L.H. & Casali, J.G. (1986). Simulator sickness: A review of its costs, countermeasures, and prediction (Technical paper 861782). Warrendale:, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Frank, L.H., Casali, J.G., & Wierwille, W.W. (1988). Effects of visual display and motion system delays on operator performance and uneasiness in a driving simulator. Human Factors, 30(2), 201-217.

Fregly, A.R. (1974). Vestibular ataxia and its measurement in man. In H.H. Kornhuber (Ed.), Handbook of sensory physiology, part 2, psychophysics and general interpretation (Ch. V). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Grandjean, E. (1988). Fitting the task to the man. London: Taylor & Francis.

Guedry, F.E. (1968). Conflicting sensory orientation cues as a factor in motion sickness. Fourth Symposium on The Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration, Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, FL, 24-26 September, 1968, 45-51. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.

Hamilton, K.M., Kantor, L., & Magee, L.E. (1989). Limitations of postural equilibrium tests for examining simulator sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60(3), 246-251.

Harwood, K. & Foley, P. (1987). Temporal resolution: An insight into the video display terminal (VDT) "problem." Human Factors, 29(4), 447-452.

Havron, M.D. & Butler, L.F. (1957, April). Evaluation of training effectiveness of the 2FH2 helicopter flight trainer research tool (Tech. Report NAVTRADEVCEN 1915-00-1). Port Washington, NY: Naval Training Device Center.

Hettinger, L.J., Berbaum, K.S., Kennedy, R.S., Dunlap, W.P., & Nolan, M.D. (1990). Vection and simulator sickness. Military Psychology, 2(3), 171-181.

Jones, S.A., Kennedy, R.S., Lilienthal, M.G., & Berbaum, K.S. (1993). Comparison of simulator sickness incidence in two Navy flight trainers: A field investigation. Orlando, FL: Essex Corporation. Unpublished manuscript.

Kellogg, R.S. & Gillingham, K.K. (1986). United States Air Force experience with simulator sickness, research and training. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, vol. 1, 427-429.

Kennedy, R.S., Berbaum, K.S., Dunlap, W.P., & Smith, M.G. (1995, October). Correlating visual scene elements with simulator sickness incidence: Hardware and software development (Phase II Final Technical Report; Contract No. N00019-92-C-0157). Orlando, FL: Essex Corporation. Unpublished manuscript.

Kennedy, R.S., Berbaum, K.S., Lilienthal, M.G., Dunlap, W.P., Mulligan, B.F., & Funaro, J.F. (1987, March). Guidelines for alleviation of simulator sickness symptomatology. (NAVTRASYSCEN TR-87007) (AD-A182 554 NAVTRASYSCEN TR-87007). Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center.

Kennedy, R.S., Berbaum, K.S., & Smith, M.G. (1993). Methods for correlating visual scene elements with simulator sickness incidence. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. 2, 1252-1256.

Kennedy, R.S., Dunlap, W.P., & Fowlkes, J.E. (1990). Prediction of motion sickness susceptibility. In G.H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and space sickness (Ch. 11). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Kennedy, R.S. & Fowlkes, J.E. (1992). Simulator sickness is polygenic and polysymptomatic: Implications for research. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 2(1), 23-38.

Kennedy, R.S., Fowlkes, J.E., & Lilienthal, M.G. (1993). Postural and performance changes following exposures to flight simulators. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 64(10), 912-920.

Kennedy, R.S. & Frank, L.H. (1983). A review of motion sickness with special reference to simulator sickness. Paper presented at the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on Human Factors, Workshop on Simulator Sickness, 26-28 September 1983, Naval Post-Graduate School, Monterey, CA.

Kennedy, R.S., Hettinger, L.J., & Lilienthal, M.G. (1988). Simulator sickness. In G.H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and Space Sickness (Ch. 15). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Kennedy, R.S., Jones, M.B., Lilienthal, M.G., & Harm, D.L. (1993). Profile analysis of after-effects experienced during exposure to several virtual reality environments. Proceedings of the 76th Aerospace Medical Panel Meeting on "Virtual Interfaces: Research and Applications," 18-22 October 1993, Lisbon, Portugal.

Kennedy, R.S., Lane, N.E., Berbaum, K.S., & Lilienthal, M.G. (1993). A simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ): A new method for quantifying simulator sickness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(3) 203-220.

Kennedy, R.S., Lanham, D.S., Drexler, J.M., & Lilienthal, M.G. (1995). A method for certification that aftereffects of virtual reality exposures have dissipated: Preliminary findings. In A.C. Bittner & P.C. Champney (Eds.), Advances in industrial ergonomics safety VII (pp. 263-270). London: Taylor & Francis.

Kennedy, R.S., Lanham, D.S., Massey, C.J., Drexler, J.M., & Lilienthal, M.G. (1995). Gender differences in simulator sickness incidence: Implications for military virtual reality systems. Safe Journal, 25(1), 69-76.

Kennedy, R.S. & Lilienthal, M.G. (1995). Implications of balance disturbances following exposure to virtual reality systems. Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium `95, 35-39. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Kennedy, R.S., Lilienthal, M.G., Berbaum, K.S., Baltzley, D.R., & McCauley, M.E. (1989). Simulator sickness in U.S. Navy flight simulators. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60(1), 10-16.

Kennedy, R.S. & Stanney, K.M. (1996). Postural instability induced by virtual reality exposure: Development of a certification protocol. International Journal of Human Computer Interaction, 8(1), 25-47.

Knerr, B.W., Goldberg, S.L., Lampton, D.R., Singer, M.J., & Witmer, B.G. (1996). Training in virtual reality: Human performance, training transfer, and side effects. Presented at the 1996 IMAGE Conference, 23-28 June 1996, Scottsdale, AZ.

Knerr, B.W., Lampton, D.R., Bliss, J.P., Moshell, J.M., & Blau, B.S. (1993, July). Human performance in virtual environments: Initial experiments. Proceedings of the 29th International Applied Military Psychology Symposium. Wolfson College, Cambridge, UK.

Kolasinski, E.M. (1995). Simulator sickness in virtual environments (ARI Technical Report 1027). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

Kolasinski, E.M., Jones, S.A., Kennedy, R.S., & Gilson, R.D. (1994, October). Postural stability and its relation to simulator sickness. Poster session presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Abstract appears in Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. 2, 980.

Lampton, D.R., Kolasinski, E.M., Knerr, B.W., Bliss, J.P., Bailey, J.H., & Witmer, B.G. (1994). Side effects and aftereffects of immersion in virtual environments. Proceedings of the 38st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. 2, 1154-1157.

Lehman, E. (1975). Nonparametrics: Statistics based on ranks. Oakland, CA: Holden-Day Inc.

Levine, M.W. & Shefner, J.M. (1991). Sensation and perception (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

Long, G.M., Ambler, R.K., & Guedry, F.E. (1975). Relationship between perceptual style and reactivity to motion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(5), 599-605.

Maxwell, C.A. (1992, November). Flicker science and the consumer. Information Display, November, 7-10.

Minitab Reference Manual, Release 10 for Windows. (1994). State College, PA: Minitab, Inc.

Money, K.E. (1970). Motion sickness. Physiological Reviews, 50(1), 1-39.

Myers, R.H. (1986). Classical and modern regression with applications. Boston, MA: Duxbury Press.

Nerlove, S.B. & Kennedy, R.S. (1993). Device for measuring head position as a measure of postural stability (National Science Foundation Phase I Final Report). Orlando, FL: Essex Corporation.

Parker, D.E. & Harm, D.L. (1992). Mental rotation: A key to mitigation of motion sickness in the virtual environment? Presence, 1(3), 329-333.

Reason, J.T. & Brand, J.J. (1975). Motion sickness. London: Academic Press.

Regan, E.C. (1993). Side-effects of immersion virtual reality. Paper presented at the International Applied Military Psychology Symposium, July 26-29.

Regan, E.C. & Price, K.R. (1993). Some side-effects of immersion virtual reality: An investigation into the relationship between inter-pupillary distance and ocular related problems. Army Personnel Research Establishment Report 93R023.

Regan, E.C. & Price, K.R. (1994). The frequency of occurrence and severity of side-effects of immersion virtual reality. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 65(6), 527-530.

Reschke, M.F. (1990). Statistical prediction of space motion sickness. In G.H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and space sickness (Ch. 14). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Riccio, G.E., & Stoffregen, T.A. (1991). An ecological theory of motion sickness and postural instability. Ecological Psychology, 3(3), 195-240.

Rolland, J.P., Biocca, F.A., Barlow, T., & Kancherla, A. (1995). Quantification of adaptation to virtual-eye location in see-thru head-mounted displays. Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium `95, 56-66. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Singer, M.J., Ehrlich, J.A., Cinq-Mars, S., & Papin, J.P. (in press). Task performance in virtual environments: Stereoscopic vs. monoscopic displays and head-coupling (ARI Technical Report). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

Stern, R.M., Hu, S., LeBlanc, R., & Koch, K.L. (1993). Chinese hyper-susceptibility to vection-induced motion sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, (9), 827-830.

Stoffregen, T.A. & Riccio, G.E. (1991). An ecological critique of the sensory conflict theory of motion sickness. Ecological Psychology, 3(3), 159-194.

Stone, B. (1993, October/November). Concerns raised about eye strain in VR systems. Real Time Graphics, 2(4), 1-3, 6, 13.

Uliano, K.C., Lambert, E.Y., Kennedy, R.S., & Sheppard, D.J. (1986). The effects of asynchronous visual delays on simulator flight performance and the development of simulator sickness symptomatology (NAVTRASYSCEN 85-D-0026-1). Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center.

Vaden, E.A., Ehrlich, J.A, & Kolasinski, E.M. (1996). Usability evaluation of low-end virtual reality systems. Poster submitted for presentation at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Weisberg, S. (1985). Applied linear regression (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Wilson, T.R. (1963). Flicker fusion frequency, age, and intelligence. Gerontologia, 7, 200-208.

Witkin, H.A., Moore, C.A., Goodenough, D.R., & Cox, P.W. (1977). Field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles and their educational implication. Review of Educational Research, 47(1), 1-64.