Wearable/Mobile Computing: A Guide to the Literature

Last update: April 20, 1998

Mark Billinghurst , Research Associate
Toni Emerson, Director of Information Services
Debra Revere, Research Associate
Linda Mayhugh, Research Assistant
Human Interface Technology Laboratory


Keywords:
mobile computing, wearable computing, mobile systems, wearable systems, tetherless, ubiquitous computing, scalable interfaces

For updated online information, please see our On the Net: Wearables page.


About Wearable Computing

One of the broad trends emerging in advanced human-computer interaction is the increasing portability of computing power. Wearable computers are the next generation of portable machines. Worn on the body they provide constant access to computing and communications resources. In general, a wearable computer may be defined as a computer that is subsumed into the personal space of the user, controlled by the wearer and has both operational and interactional constancy, i.e. is always on and always accessible. Wearables are typically composed of a belt or back pack PC, head mounted display (HMD), wireless communications hardware and an input device such as touchpad or chording keyboard. This configuration has been demonstrated in a number of real world applications including aircraft mantainence, navigational assistance and vehicle mechanics. In such applications wearables have dramatically improved user performance, reducing task time by half in the case of vehicle inspection.

The listing that follows is an evolving collection of resources and publications concerned with wearable computing and the issues this new field raises.

For current links, be sure to check the On the Net Wearables page


Contents:

Humionics Society

Conferences

ACM/IEEE MobiCom '99

CHI '97 Workshop on Research Issues in Wearable Computers

IEEE VRAIS 98 Workshop, Interfaces for Wearable Computers

ISCW 97: First International Symposium on Wearable Computers

ISCW 98: Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers

Wearables in 2005 Workshop

Research Centers

Berkeley - University of California
[USA: mobile computing, hardware, software, mobile network support, heterogeneous wireless overlay networks, wide-area wireless data services, overlay internetwork management]

InfoPad Group
http://infopad.eecs.berkeley.edu/

BARWAN (Bay Area Research Wireless Access Network)
http://http.cs.berkeley.edu/~randy/Daedalus/BARWAN/BARWAN_index.html

Carnegie Mellon University
[USA: wearable computing, protocol design, implementation, performance evaluation, usage-based validation, wireless mobile host networking, network interconnectivity]

Monarch (MObile Networking ARCHitectures) Project
http://www.monarch.cs.cmu.edu/

Wearable Computers
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/People/wearable/index.html

Columbia, University of
[USA: reconfigurable distributed services, low power, solid state non-volatile storage technologies (flash EEPROM), bandwidth aggregation]

Current Projects
http://www.mcl.cs.columbia.edu/overview.html

Cornell University
[USA: agent, electronic commerce, problem solving, operating systems, distributed systems, agents, Internet]

TACOMA (Tromsø And COrnell Moving Agents) Project
http://www.cs.uit.no/DOS/Tacoma/

DARPA Electronics Technology Office (ETO)
[USA: MicroPathfinder, 3D Computational Image Sensors, Combat Cueing (CBT-Q), Personal Inertial Navigation System (PINS), Boeing, GTE Internetworking, Northeastern University, Carnegie Mellon University, Motorola, Honeywell,Raytheon E-Systems, Sanders, MCNC]

General Information: http://www.darpa.mil/eto/Background/ETOview/index.html

Adaptive Computing Smart Modules Program
http://www.darpa.mil/eto/SmartMod/Factsheets/ACSMP.html

Smart Modules Program
http://www.darpa.mil/eto/SmartMod/index.html

Wearable Tactical Information Assistants
http://www.darpa.mil/eto/SmartMod/Factsheets/CMU.html

Esprit
[Belgium: IT, information technology, mobile access, European Union]

IT for Mobility
http://cordis.lu/esprit/src/itfmrprj.htm

Georgia Institute of Technology
[USA: prototyping, Future Computing Environments, desktop environments, Multimedia in Manufacturing Education, MiME]

Electronic Performance Support System
http://mime1.marc.gatech.edu/epss/

LlamaShare
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fce/llamashare/index.html

Indiana University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
[USA: mobile hosts, base station agent, mobile transaction manager, disconnection handling, mobile transaction processing]

Mobile Computing in Ambulatory Care Environments
http://www.cs.iupui.edu/~smorton/abstr.html

INRIA
[France: mobile computing]

Mobile Computing
http://www-sor.inria.fr/~aline/mobile/

Lancaster University
[UK: mobile computing]

Mobile Multimedia Computing
http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/research/mpg/most/

Maryland, University of: College Park
[USA: mobile computer communications, multimedia systems]

Mobile Computing & Multimedia Lab
http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/mcml/

Massachusetts, University of: Amherst
[USA: LAN, wireless architectures]

Multimedia Wireless LAN Group
http://www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/wireless/

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
[USA: augmented reality, camera-based wearable computing]

Intro Page: http://wearables.www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/

Augmented Memory
http://wearables.www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/augmented-memory.html

Wearable Audio Computing (WAC)
http://nitin.www.media.mit.edu/people/nitin/NomadicRadio/WhyWAC.htm

Michigan, University of
[USA: mobile computing]

Center for Information Technology Integration
http://www.citi.umich.edu/mobile.html

Oregon, University of: Computer & Information Science department
[USA: Netman, wearable computers]

MediWear
http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/wearables/MediWear/

Oregon Wearable Computer
http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/wearables/Oregon/

Purdue University
[USA: ubiquitous problem solving environments (UPSEs), mobile platforms, intelligent agents, distributed problem solving]

Science Pad Project
http://www.cs.purdue.edu/research/cse/scipad/scipad.html

Rutgers University
[USA: mobile computing, wireless information systems, Infostations, wireless Internet services, DARPA GLOMO Program, NSF, Wireless Information Network Laboratory]

DATAMAN Mobile Computing Project
http://athos.rutgers.edu:80/dataman/

Stanford University
[USA: MosquitoNet, continuous network connectivity, Internet]

MosquitoNet
http://mosquitonet.Stanford.EDU/mosquitonet.html

Toronto, University of: Humanistic Intelligence Lab (WearComp/HI Lab)
[Canada: WearComp, wearcam, wearable computers, wearable computing, wearable cameras]

This web site is currently maintained by Steve Mann but will be undergoing changes splitting WearComp-the International Wearable Computing WWW site, wearcam-the Personal Imaging WWW site, WearComp/HI lab site, and Steve Mann's WWW page into 4 separate sites.
http://genesis.eecg.toronto.edu

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
[USA: ubiquitous computing, ParcTab mobile computing]

Ubiquitous Computing
http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html

PARCTAB System
http://www.ubiq.com/parctab/

Washington, University of:
[USA: mobile computing]

Human Interface Technology Laboratory (HIT Lab) Wearables Project
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/projects/wearables/
Mobile Computing - Mobisaic
http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/voelker/mobisaic/mobisaic.html

Waterloo, University of
[Canada: mobile computing, mobility management, wireless application, api design]

Mobile Computing Project
http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/mobile/

Selected Bibliography

(1996). Boeing Wearable Computer Workshop Breakout Session Summary. In Proceedings of the Boeing Wearable Computer Workshop, (pp. online). Seattle, WA: Boeing.

Hardware Breakout Session: URL=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/vuman/www/boeing/index.html
Networks Breakout Session: URL=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/vuman/www/boeing/networks.html
Human Computer Interaction Breakout Session: URL=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/vuman/www/boeing/hci.html
Applications and Marketing Breakout Session: URL=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/vuman/boeing/apps.html

(1996). Bibliography 1990-1996 (Mobile Computing Bibliography).(Online Bibliography): Lancaster, UK: University of Lancaster, Mobile Computing Research Team, Distributed Multimedia Research Group, Computing Department. URL=http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/research/mpg/most/bibliography.html

(1997). CaReSs - Capture, Reconstruction and Simulation of Real World Objects. Fraunhofer, Germany: Fraunhofer Institut Graphische Datenverarbeitung. URL=http://www.igd.fhg.de/www/igd-a7/Projects/erso/erso.html

(1997). Papers List: Wearable Computing Research Group.(Online Report): University of Oregon, Computer and Information Science Department. URL=http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/wearables/Papers/

(1997). Wearables Group FAQs. Cambridge, MA: MIT. URL=http://wearables.www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/FAQ/FAQ.txt

Abowd, G. D. (1996). Ubiquitous Computing: Research Themes and Open Issues from an Applications Perspective.(GVU Technical Report GIT-GVU-96-24.): Graphics, Visualization & Usability Center, Georgia Institute of Technology.

Abowd, G. D., Dey, A., Orr, R., & Brotherton, J. (1997). Context-awareness in wearable and ubiquitous computing.(GVU Technical Report GIT-GVU-97-11): Graphics, Visualization & Usability Center, Georgia Institute of Technology. URL=http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fce/pubs/iswc97/wear-poster.html

Abowd, G. D., Dey, A. K., Orr, R., & Brotherton, J. (1997). Context-Awareness in Wearable and Ubiquitous Computing [poster]. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 179-180). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Adcock, P., Badrinath, B. R., Cheverst, K., Douglis, F., Forman, G., Friday, A., Glas, J., Kottmann, D. A., Krishna, P., Sridhar, A., & Tanaka, R. (1996). Mobile Computing Bibliography. (Report): Lancaster, UK: Lancaster University.

Azuma, R. T. (1997). A Survey of Augmented Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355-386.

Bass, L., Siewiorek, D., Smailagic, A., & Stivoric, J. (1995). On Site Wearable Computer System. In Proceedings of the CHI '95: Mosaic of Creativity, (pp. 83-84). New York, NY, USA: ACM.

Bass, L., Kasabach, C., Martin, R., Siewiorek, D., Smailagic, A., & Stivoric, J. (1997). The Design of a Wearable Computer. In Proceedings of the CHI '97, (pp. 139-146). New York, NY: ACM.

Beadle, H. W. P., Harper, B., Maguire, G. Q. J., & Judge, J. (1997). Location Aware Mobile Computing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT '97), (pp. 1319-1324). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE/IEE. URL=http://www.elec.uow.edu.au/people/staff/beadle/badge/ICT97/ict97.htm

Beadle, H. W. P., Maguire, G. Q. J., & Smith, M. T. (1997). Environment Aware Computing and Communication Systems.(Online Report): Wollongong, Australia: University of Wollongong and Kista, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology and Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett Packard Laboratories. URL=http://www.elec.uow.edu.au/people/staff/beadle/grants/hp/hp.htm

Beadle, H. W. P., Maguire, G. Q. J., & Smith, M. T. (1997). Smart Badge: It Beeps, It Flashes, It Knows When You Are Hot and Sweaty.(submitted to the 1997 International Symposium on Wearable Computers): Wollongong, Australia: University of Wollongong and Kista, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology and Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett Packard Laboratories. URL=http://www.elec.uow.edu.au/people/staff/beadle/badge/wearable2/wearable2.html

Beadle, H. W. P., Macquire, G. Q. J., & Smith, M. T. (1997). Using Location and Environmental Awareness in Mobile Communications.(Online Report): Wollongong, Australia: University of Wollongong; Kista, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology; and Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett Packard Laboratories. URL=http://www.elec.uow.edu.au/people/staff/beadle/badge/icics97/badge/

Beadle, H. W. P., Ramli, K., & Samouelian, A. (1997). A User Interface Device for Domestic Hypermedia. In Proceedings of the ICICS 97: International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, (pp. online). Wollongong, Australia: University of Wollongong. URL=http://www.elec.uow.edu.au/people/staff/beadle/badge/icics97/touchpad/

Billinghurst, M., Bowskill, J., Dyer, N., & Morphett, J. (1997). An Evaluation of Wearable Information Spaces.(HITL R-97-35): Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory and Ipswich, UK: BT Laboratories Advanced Perception Unit. URL=http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/r-97-35

Billinghurst, M., Weghorst, S., & Furness III, T. (1997). Wearable Computers for Three Dimensional CSCW.(HITL Report Number R-97-10): Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington. URL=http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/r-97-10

Billinghurst, M., Weghorst, S., & Furness III, T. (1997). Wearable computers for three-dimensional CSCW. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 39-47). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Billinghurst, M., Bowskill, J., Dyer, N., & Morphett, J. (1998). An Evaluation of Wearable Information Spaces. In Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS '98), (pp. forthcoming). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE.

Borovoy, R., McDonald, M., Martin, F., & Resnick, M. (1996). Things that Blink: Computationally Augmented Name Tags. IBM Systems Journal, 35(3/4), 488-495.

Bowskill, J., Morphett, J., & Downie, J. (1997). A Taxonomy for Enhanced Reality Systems [poster]. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 175-176). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Burger, J. D., & Marshall, R. J. (1993). The Application of Natural Language Models to Intelligent Multimedia. In M. T. Maybury (Ed.), Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces, pp. 174-196. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press/The MIT Press.

Caudell, T. P. (1994). Introduction to augmented and virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Telemanipulator and Telepresence Technologies, (pp. 272-281). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

Chesnais, P. R. (1997). Canard: A Framework for Community Messaging. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 108-115). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Clark, M. R. (1996). Frontiers in User Interface Design: Wearable Computers. In Proceedings of the Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III, (pp. 302-305). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

Cochrane, P., Payne, R., & MacDonald, B. (1997). From Kirk to Picard (A Vision of Mobility). Personal Technologies, 1(1), 6-10.

Curry, M., Hobbs, J., & Toub, R. (1996). Will Using a Head Mounted Display Affect Pointing on Wearable Computers? In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, (pp. online). New York, NY, USA: ACM Press. URL=http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/~kortuem.htbin/download.cgi?/cs/www/home/research/wearables/Papers/AdvUIpaper.html

Davies, N. (1995). Mobile Computing Bibliography. Lancaster, UK: Lancaster University. URL=http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Distributed/mobile.html

Daude, R., & Weck, M. (1997). Mobile approach support system for future machine tools. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 24-30). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Drascic, D., & Milgram, P. (1996). Perceptual Issues in Augmented Reality. In Proceedings of the Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III, (pp. 123-134). San Jose, CA, USA: SPIE.

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Haupt, M., & Solomon, E. (1993). Windows on the World: 2D Windows for 3D Augmented Reality. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '93), (pp. 145-155). New York, NY: ACM.

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Hollerer, T., & Webster, A. (1997). A Touring Machine: Prototyping 3D Mobile Augmented Reality Systems for Exploring the Urban Environment. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 74-83). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society. URL=http://www.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/publications/iswc97.ps.gz

Fickas, S., Kortuem, G., & Segall, Z. (1997). Software Issues in Wearable Computing. In Proceedings of the CHI Workshop on Research Issues in Wearable Computers, (pp. forthcoming). New York, NY, USA: ACM. URL=http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/~kortuem/htbin/download.cgi?/home/grads/kortuem/public_html/Papers/chi97.ps

Fickas, S., Kortuem, G., & Segall, Z. (1997). Software Organization for Dynamic and Adaptable Wearable Systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 56-65). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Foner, L. N. (1997). Artificial Synesthesia via Sonification: A Wearable Augmented Sensory System [poster]. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 156-157). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Forman, G. H., & Zahorjan, J. (1994). The Challenges of Mobile Computing.(UW CSE 93-11-03): University of Washington, Department of Computer Science.

Frohlich, D., Thomas, P., Hawley, M., & Hirade, K. (1997). Inaugural Issue Editorial: Future Personal Computing. Personal Technologies, 1(1), 1-5.

Hobbs, J. & Kortuem, G. (1995). Functionality On-Demand Software Architecture for Wearable Computers. (online report): Eugene, OR: Computer Science Department, University of Oregon. URL=http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/~kortuem/Papers/fod

Hoff, W. A., & Nguyen, K. (1996). Computer vision-based registration techniques for augmented reality. In Proceedings of the Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XV, (pp. 538-548). Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE.

Holloway, R. L. (1997). Registration Error Analysis for Augmented Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 413-432.

Hull, R., Neaves, P., & Bedford-Roberts, J. (1997). Towards Situated Computing. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 146-155). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Ishii, H., & Ullmer, B. (1997). Tangible Bits: Towards Seamless Interfaces Between People, Bits and Atoms. In Proceedings of the Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 97), (pp. 234-240). New York, NY: ACM.

Janin, A., Zikan, K., Mizell, D., Banner, M., & Sowizral, H. (1994). A videometric head tracker for augmented reality applications. In Proceedings of the Telemanipulator and Telepresence Technologies, (pp. 308-315). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.

Jebara, T., Eyster, C., Weaver, J., Starner, T., & Pentland, A. (1997). Stochasticks: Augmenting the Billiards Experience with Probabilistic Vision and Wearable Computers. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 138-145). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Johansen, D., Van Renesse, R. and Schneider, F. B. (1994). Operating System Support for Mobile Agents. Cornell University, Technical Report (TR94-1468). URL=http://cs-tr.cs.cornell.edu/TR/CORNELLCS:TR94-1468

Joseph, A. D., & Kaashoek, M. F. (forthcoming). Building Reliable Mobile-Aware Applications Using the Rover Toolkit. ACM Wireless Networks. URL=http://www. rover.lcs.mit.edu

Kakez, S., Conan, V., & Bisson, P. (1997). Virtually Documented Environments [poster]. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 158-160). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

Kim, D., Richards, S. W., & Caudell, T. P. (1997). An Optical Tracker for Augmented Reality and Wearable Computers. In Proceedings of the IEEE 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, (pp. 146-151). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Klinker, G. J., Ahlers, K. H., Breen, D. E., Chevalier, P.-Y., Crampton, C., Greer, D. S., Koller, D., Kramer, A., Rose, E., Tuceryan, M., & Whitaker, R. T. (1997). Confluence of Computer Vision and Interactive Graphics for Augmented Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 433-451.

Koller, D., Klinker, G., Rose, E., Breen, D., Whitaker, R., & Tuceryan, M. (1997). Real-Time Vision-Based Camera Tracking for Augmented Reality Applications. In Proceedings of the VRST'97: ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology 1997, (pp. 87). New York, NY: ACM.

Koons, D. B., Sparrell, C. J., & Thorisson, K. R. (1993). Integrating Simultaneous Input from Speech, Gaze, and Hand Gestures. In M. T. Maybury (Ed.), Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces, pp. 257-276. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press/The MIT Press.

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Kortuem, G. (1996). Software Technologies for Wearable Computers Position paper written for the Workshop on Wearable Computer Systems. (Online report): University of Oregon, Department of Computer & Information Science. URL=http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/~kortuem/Papers/softtech/softtech.html

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Mann, S. (1996). Wearable, Tetherless, Computer-Mediated Reality (with possible future applications to the disabled).(Internal): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Wearable Computing. URL=http://www.wearcam.org/tetherless

Mann, S. (1997). Smart Clothing: The "Wearable Computer" and WearCam. Personal Technologies, 1(1), 19-27.

Mann, S. (1997). Wearable computing: a first step toward personal imaging. Computer, 30(2), 25-32.

Mann, S. (1997). An Historical Account of 'WearComp' and 'WearCam' Inventions Developed for Applications in 'Personal Imaging'. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 66-73). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.

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Morton, S., & Bukhres, O. (1997). Mobile Computing in Military Ambulatory Care. In Proceedings of the CBMS '97: the 10th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, (pp. forthcoming). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE. URL=http://www.cs.iupui.edu/~smorton/MortonRes3.html

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Najjar, L. J., Thompson, J. C., & Ockerman, J. J. (1997). A Wearable Computer for Quality Assurance Inspectors in a Food Processing Plant [poster]. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, (pp. 163-164). Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society. URL=http://mime1.marc.gatech.edu/MiME/papers/ISWC_Larry.html

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Commercial Resources

Advanced Digital-Logic, Inc.: MICROSPACE product line
[USA: portable computing, MicrosSpace PC/104 CPU and SBC boards]
URL=http://www.adlogic-pc104.com

Displaytech, Inc.
[USA: mobile computing, portable computing, desktop monitor replacement, ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) applications, minitarue FLC displays, ChronoColor diaply module]
URL=http://www.displaytech.com

GeoPerception Inc.
[USA: wearable software, wearable computers, desktop/wearable combinations, Personal Pilot]
URL=http://www.geoperception.com

Interactive Solutions, Inc.: Mentis system
[USA: Teltronic, Inc., multimedia wearable computers]
URL=http://www.ifo-isi.com

InterSense, Inc.
[USA: motion tracking, head- and/or hand-orientation trackers, Constellation expandable motion tracking technology, see-through AR (augmented reality) displays, ISO-900 Wearable 6-DOF head-tracker with scalable range]
URL=http://www.isense.com

Liquid Image: the M1 Monocular Display
[USA: head-mounted display, portable Personal Viewer]
URL=http://www.liquidimage.ca/vr

SENTEL Corporation
[USA: Wireless Information Network (WIN), wireless computing]
Information available at URL=http://www.sentel.com

Symbol Technologies, Inc.
[USA: portable computing, wireless networking, WSS 1000 Wearable Scanning System]
URL=http://www.symbol.com

ViA Inc.
[USA: mobile computing, voice recognition, wearable computing]
URL=http://www.FexiPC.com

VirtualVision, Inc.
[USA: digital head-mounted systems (DHMS), V-Cap 1000, speech recognition, audio feedback]
URL=http://www.virtualvision.com

Xybernaut
[USA, Japan, Germany: head-mounted display, speech-activated wearable computing, Mobile Assistant]
URL=http://www.xybernaut.com

ZF MicroSystems, Inc.: OEModule SMX/386-40
[USA: mobile computing, vehicular computing, PC/AT system controllers]
URL=http://www.xfmicro.com

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