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SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 399.48 79 5.06
PREPOST 493.45 1 493.45 97.58 .000
T1 BY PREPOST 11.88 3 3.96 .78 .507 Total 904.81 83
Table 19 - Concept Map Analysis by Group
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 166.14 63 2.64
T1 8.08 3 2.69 1.02 .389 Total 174.19 66
Table 20 - Concept Map Pre-Post Score by Group Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 60.36 63 .96
PREPOST 68.75 1 68.75 71.75 .000
T1 BY PREPOST 2.12 3 .71 .74 .533 Total 131.23 67
Table 21 - Concept Map Analysis by Built vs. Chosen World by Group
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 66.84 63 1.06
BUILT 2.16 1 2.16 2.04 .158
T1 BY BUILT 49.53 3 16.51 15.56 .000 Total 118.53 67
Table 22 - Concept Map Analysis by Pre- and Post-test Scores by Built vs. Chosen World by Group (T1)
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 50.07 63 .79
PREPOST BY BUILT 8.32 1 8.32 10.47 .002
T1 BY PREPOST BY
BUILT 14.54 3 4.85 6.10 .007 Total 72.93 67
Table 23 - Concept Map Constructivist vs. Traditional Pre- and Post-test Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 32.48 42 .77
PREPOST 45.02 1 45.02 58.23 .000
Total 77.50 43
Table 24 - Concept Map Constructivist vs. Traditional Built vs. Chosen Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 81.48 42 1.94
BUILT .02 1 .02 .01 .913
Total 81.50 43
Table 25 - Concept Map Constructivist vs. Traditional Pre- and Post-test by Built vs. Chosen Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 38.13 42 .91
PREPOST BY BUILT .37 1 .37 .41 .526
Total 38.50 43
Table 26 - Concept Map Constructivist vs. No Instruction Pre- and Post-test Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 30.00 23 1.30
PREPOST 24.00 1 24.00 18.40 .000
Total 54.00 24
Table 27 - Concept Map Constructivist vs. No Instruction Built vs. Chosen Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 34.33 23 1.49
BUILT .67 1 .67 .45 .511
Total 35.00 24
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 18.96 23 .82
PREPOST BY BUILT 15.04 1 15.04 18.25 .000
Total 34.00 24
Table 29 - Concept Map Constructivist vs. No Instruction Mean Scores Analysis
Mean Scores
Constructivist vs. No Instruct. Pre-test Post-test t-tailed Sig
Constructivist (n = 24 ) 1.28(.843) 3.12(.927) .000
No Instruction (n = 24) 2.25(1.29) 2.46(1.38) .558
Note: Standard deviations in parentheses.
Table 30 - Concept Map Traditional vs. No Instruction Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 126.21 65 1.94
TREAT .12 1 .12 .06 .807
Total 126.33 66
Table 31 - Concept Map Traditional vs. No Instruction by Pre- and Post-test Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 98.87 65 1.52
PREPOST 8.14 1 8.14 5.35 .024
TREAT BY PREPOST 6.08 1 6.08 4.00 .050
Total 113.09 67
Table 32 - Concept Map Traditional vs. No Instruction Mean Scores Analysis
Mean Scores
Traditional vs. No Instruction Pre-test Post-test t-tailed Sig
Traditional (n = 43 ) 1.74(1.56) 2.67(1.34) .000
No Instruction (n = 24) 2.25(1.29) 2.46(1.38) .558
Note: Standard deviations in parentheses.
Table 33 - Interview Data by Group (T1) Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 133.00 65 2.05
T1 17.10 3 5.70 2.79 .048 Total 150.10 68
Table 34 - Interview Data by Built-Experienced and Group (T1) Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 37.13 65 .57
BUILT/EXP 8.38 1 8.38 14.68 .000
T1 7.49 3 2.50 4.37 .007 Total 53.00 69
Table 35 - Concept Map Data by VR vs. No VR Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 166.00 65 2.55
VR1 8.22 1 8.22 3.22 .077
Total 174.22 66
Table 36 - Concept Map Data by Pre-Post and VR vs. No VR Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 62.36 65 .96
PREPOST 51.88 1 51.88 54.08 .000
VR1 BY PREPOST .12 1 .12 .13 .722
Total 114.36 67
Table 37 - Concept Map Data by Built-Chosen by VR vs. No VR Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 116.26 65 1.79
BUILT .23 1 .23 .13 .722
VR1 BY BUILT .11 1 .11 .06 .806
Total 116.60 67
Table 38 - Objective Test Data by VR vs. No VR Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 1053.01 81 13.00
VR1 20.03 1 20.03 1.54 .218
Total 174.22 66
Table 39 - Objective Test Data by Pre-Post by VR vs. No VR Analysis of Variance
SOURCE SS DF MS F p
WITHIN+RESIDUAL 409.58 81 5.06
PREPOST 395.13 1 395.13 78.14 .000
VR1 BY PREPOST 1.78 1 1.78 .35 .554
Total 806.49 83