Constructivism in practice: The case for meaning-making in the virtual world

Constructivism in Practice: The Case for Meaning-Making in the Virtual World

[Previous Chapter][Table of Contents][Next Chapter]


Bibliography

Adams, D.M. (1989). Experience, reality and computer-controlled technology. In R. Kraft & M. Sakofs (Eds.) The Theory of Experiential Education (2nd Ed.), 204-208. Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education.

Adams, D. and Hamm, M. (1988). Changing gateways to knowledge: new media symbol systems. TechTrends, 33(1), 21-23.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1990). Science for All Americans: Project 2061. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1993). Benchmarks for Science Literacy: Project 2061. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Anderson, R.C., Hiebert, E.H., Scott, J.A., and Wilkinson, I.A.G. (1985). Becoming a Nation of Readers: The Report of the Commission on Reading. Washington D.C.: National Institute of Education.

APA (American Psychological Association) (1992). Learner-Centered Psychological Principles: Guidelines for School Redesign and Reform. WA DC: APA.

Apple Computer, Inc. (1994). The Imperative to Change Our Schools. Cupertino, CA: Apple Professional Development Center.

Arnold, J. (1991). Towards a middle level curriculum rich in meaning. Middle School Journal, November 1991, 8-12.

Baer, T. (1989). Viewing JASON’s voyages to the bottom of the sea, Mechanical Engineering, 111(11), 36-42.

Baker, E.L. (1973). The technology of instructional development. In R.M. W. Travers (ed.) Second Handbook of Research on Teaching. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Baker, E.L., Herman, J.L., Gearhart, M. (1989). The ACOT Report Card: Effects on Complex Performance and Attitude. Presented at the annual meeting of the AERA, San Francisco, 1989.

Ballard, R.D. (1992). The JASON Project: Hi-tech exploration promotes students interest in science, T.H.E. Journal, 20(4), 221-223.

Barfield, W., Weghorst, S. (1993). The sense of presence within virtual environments: A conceptual framework. In Salvendy, G., & Smith, M.J. (Eds.) Human-computer interaction: Software & Hardware Interfaces.

Baudrillard, J. (1983). Simulations. New York: Semiotext(e).

Beardon, C. (1992). The Ethics of Virtual Reality, Intelligent Tutoring Media, 3(1), 23-28.

Belenky, M.F., Clinchy, B.M., Goldbreger, N.R., Tarule, J.M. (1986). Women’s Ways of Knowing. Basic Books.

BHEF (Business-Higher Education Forum) (1993). America’s Competitive Challenge. WA DC: The Forum.

Bloom, B.S., Englehart, M.D., Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H., & Krathwohl, D.R. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classificiation of Edcuational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. NY: David McKay.

Bowers, C.A. (1988). The Cultural Dimensions of Educational Computing: Understanding the Non-neutrality of Technology. NYU: Teachers College Press.

Bowers, C.S. (1992). Ideology, educational computing and the moral poverty of the Information Age. In Against the Grain: Critical Essays on Education, Modernity, and the Recovery of the Ecological Imperative. New York: Teachers College Press.

Bricken, M. (1991) Virtual reality learning environments: potential and challenges. Computer Graphics, (25)3, 178-84.

Bricken, M. and Byrne, C. (1992). Summer Students in Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study on Educational Applications of Virtual Reality Technology. Seattle, WA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory at the University of Washington, Technical Publications R-92-1.

Brill, L, (1993). Metaphors for the traveling cybernaut (virtual reality). Virtual Reality World, 1(1) Q-S.

Brislin, J. (1993). Understanding Culture’s Influence on Behavior. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch.

Brooks, J.G., Brooks, M.G., (1993). In Search of Understanding: The Case for the Constructivist Classroom, Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Brooks, M.G., Brooks, J.G. (1996). Creating the Constructivist Classroom. Course materials from an ASCD workshop by the same title, New Orleans, LA, March 14-15, 1996.

Brown, A.S., Palinscar, A.S. (1985). Guided, cooperative learning and individual knowledge acquisition. In L.B. Resnick (Ed.) Knowing, Learning and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser, (393-451). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Bruner, J.S. (1966). Towards a Theory of Instruction. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. and Harvard University Press.

Bruner, J.S. (1971). The Relevance of Education, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Bruner, J.S. (1990). Acts of Meaning, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Butterfield, E.C., Wambold, C. & Belmont, J.M. (1973). On the theory and practice of improving short-term memory. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 77, 654-69.

Bybee, R. et al., (1989). Science and Technology Education for the Elementary Years: Frameworks for Curriculum and Instruction. Andover, MA: National Center for Improving Science Education.

Bybee, R. et al., (1991). Science and Technology Education for the Middle Years: Frameworks for Curriculum and Instruction. Andover, MA: National Center for Improving Science Education.

Byrne, C.M. (1993). Virtual Reality and Education, Seattle, WA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory at the University of Washington, Technical Report R-93-6.

Byrne, C. M. (1996). Water on Tap: The Use of Virtual Reality as an Educational Tool. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, College of Engineering.

Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government (1991). In the National Interest: The Federal Government in the Reform of K-12 Math and Science Education. NY: The Commission.

Carneval, A.P., Gainer, L.J., Meltzer, A.S. (1994). Workplace Basics: The Skills Employers Want. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor.

Chesher, C. (1995). An Ontology of Digital Domains. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference; Philosophy of Communication Division, Albuquerque, NM: April 1995.

Chomsky, N. (1964). Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Mouton: The Hague.

Clancey, W.J. (1993). Situated action: A neurophysiological interpretation: Response to Vera & Simon. Cognitive Science, 17, 87-116.

Clark, C.M. (1990). The teacher and the taught: Moral transactions in the classroom. In Goodlad, J.I., Soder, R., and Sirotnik, K.A. (Eds.) The Moral Dimensions of Teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Coles, R. (1989). The Call of Stories:Teaching and the Moral Imagination. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.

Companion, Michael A., Tarr, Ronald W., Jacobs, John W., and Moshell, J. Michael (1995). Collaborative Learning: Migration of distributed interactive simulation to educational applications. Proceedings of SPIE "95" Orlando, FL. April 1995.

Council of Chief State School Officers (1993). State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education. WA DC: The Council.

Cunningham, D. (1988). Abduction and Affordance: A Semiotic View of Cognition. Paper presented at the 1988 AERA Conference, April 5-9, New Orleans, LA.

Cunningham, D. (1992). Beyond educational psychology: steps towards an educational semiotic. Educational Psychology Review, 4(2), 165-194.

Cunningham, D. (1993). Assessing Constructions and Constructing Assessments. In Duffy, T. & Jonassen, D. (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Cunningham, D. (1997). Confessions of a Recovering Objectivist. Paper presented at the 1997 AERA Conference, March 24-28, Chicago, IL.

de Bono, E. (1991). Teaching Thinking. London: Penguin Books.

Dede, C. (1990). The evolution of distance learning: Technology mediated interactive learning. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 22(3), 247-264.

Dede, C. (1992). The future of multimedia: Bridging to virtual worlds, Educational Technology, 32(5), 54-60.

Dede, C. (1994). Evolving from multimedia to virtual reality. Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 1994. Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 93: World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.

Dede, C., Salzman, M., Loftin, R.B. (1996). The development of a virtual world for learning Newtonian mechanics. Originally published in the Proceedings of the Multimedia, Hypermedia, and Virtual Reality conference, MHVR ‘94. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Deely, J. (1986). The coalescence of semiotic consciousness. In J. Deely, B. Williams, and F. Kruse (Eds.) Frontiers of Semiotics, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Dennen, V.P., Branch, R.C. (1996). Considerations for Designing Instructional Virtual Environments. In R.E. Griffin, D.G. Beauchamp, J.M. Hunter, C.B. Schiffman (Eds.) Eyes on the Future: Converging Images, Ideas, and Instruction. International Visual Literacy Association.

DeVries, R., Zan, B. (1995). Creating a constructivist classroom atmosphere. Young Children, November 1995, 4-13.

Dickson, Patrick W. (1985). Thought-provoking software: juxtaposing symbol systems. Educational Researcher, 14(5), 30-38.

Driscoll, M.P. (1989). Semiotics in the training of instructional systems researchers, Educational Technology, May 1989, 41-44.

Driscoll, M.P. (1997). What Can Semiotic Theory Offer Instructional Technology Research and Development? Paper presented at the 1997 AERA Conference, March 24-28, Chicago, IL.

Duffy, T. & Jonassen, R. (Eds.) (1992), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Dwyer, D. (1994). Apple classrooms of tomorrow: what we’ve learned. Educational Leadership, April 1994, 4-10.

Eco, U. (1979). A Theory of Semiotics, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.

Eco, U. (1984). Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.

Ernst, C.H. (1983). Imagery. memory and cognition. In Yuille, J.C (Ed.) Imagery, Memory and Cognition, Lawrence Erlbaum: NJ.

Farmer, S. (1987). Visual literacy and the clinical supervisor. Clinical Supervisor 5, 41-71.

Forman, G,. & Pufall, P. (Eds.) (1988). Constructivism in the Computer Age. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Fosnot, C. (1992). Constructing Constructivism. In Duffy, T.M. and Jonassen, D.H (Eds.) Constructivism and the Technology of Instruction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Fosnot, C. (1993). Rethinking science education: a defense of Piagetian constructivism, Journal of Research in Science Education, 30(9), 1189-1201.

Furness, T. (1986). The Super Cockpit and Human Factors Challenges. HIT Lab Technical Report M-86-1.

Furness, T. (1989). Configuring Virtual Space for the Super Cockpit. HIT Lab Technical Report M-89-1

Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, New York: Basic Books.

Gibson, J.J. (1986). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

Gigliotti, C. (1995). Aesthetics of a Virtual World, Leonardo, 28(4), 289-95.

Hampson. P.J., Morris, P.E. (1990). Imagery, consciousness, and cogntive control: The BOSS system revisited. In P.J. Hampson, D.F. Marks, J.T.E. Richardson (Eds.) Imagery: Current Developments, 1-38. NY: Routledge.

Harding, S. (1991). Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Ithaca, NY: Cornell.

Harel, S., Papert, S. (1991). Constructionism. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Harste, J.C. (1989). New Policy Guidelines for Reading: Connecting Research and Practice. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

Heidegger, M. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Row.

Heim, M. (1993). The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality. New York: Oxford University Press.

Herman, J.L., Aschbacher, P.R., and Winters, L. (1992). A Practical Guide to Alternative Assessment. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Hillocks, G. (1986). Research on Written Composition. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

Hoffman, H.G., Hullfish, K. and Houston, S.J. (1995). Virtual Reality Monitoring. VRAIS '95 March 11-14, 1995. Chapel Hill, NC. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Hoffman, H., Prothero, J., Wells, M. and Groen, J. (1996). Virtual Chess: Meaning Enhances the Sense of Presence in Virtual Environments. HIT Lab Technical Report P-96-3.

Houser, N. (1987). Towards a Piercarian semiotic theory of learning, American Journal of Semiotics, 5, 251-274.

Hutchins, E.L., Hollan, J.D., Norman, D.A. (1986). Direct Manipulation Interfaces. In Norman, D.A., & Draper, S.W. (Eds.) User Centered System Design. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

James, C. (1974). Beyond customs: An educator’s journey. New York, NY: Agathon.

Johnson-Laird, P.M. (1980). Mental models in cognitive science. Cognitive Science, 4, 71-115.

Jonassen, D. (1992). Evaluating constructivist learning. In Duffy & Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Kant, I. (1990). Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals: What is Enlightenment?. NY: Macmillan.

Katz, A.N. (1983). What does it mean to be a high imager? In Yuille, J.C (Ed.) Imagery, Memory and Cognition, Lawrence Erlbaum: NJ.

Kaufmann, G. (1984). Mental imagery and problem solving. In A. Sheikh (Ed.) International Review of Mental Imagery, volume 1. NY: Human Sciences Press.

Kay, Alan (1990). User Interface: A Personal View. In Brenda Laurel (Ed.), The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design. Reading, MS: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

Kellogg Middle School. (1996). Program Options Brochure. Seattle, WA: Kellogg Middle School.

Kirby, J. R., Moore, P. J. & Schofield, N. J. (1988). Verbal and visual learning styles. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 13, 169-184.

Kohl, H. (1994). I Won’t Learn from You. New York: New Press.

Kosslyn, S. (1981). The medium and the message in mental imagery. Psychological Review, 88 (1), 46-66.

Kosslyn, S. (1994). Image and Brain. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.

Kraft, R. & Sakofs, M. (Eds.) (1989). The Theory of Experiential Education. Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education.

Kulik, J.A., Kulik, C. (1991). Effectiveness of Computer-Based Instruction: An Updated Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Research on Learning and Teaching, University of Michigan.

Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Laurel, B. (1990). The Art of Human-Computer Interface. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Laurel, B. (1991). Computers as Theatre. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Lewis, A.C. (1993). Changing the Odds: Middle School Reform in Progress 1991-1993. New York, NY: The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation.

Lewis, A. C. (1995). An overview of the standards movement. Phi Delta Kappan, June 1995, 744-750.

Lochhead, J. (1985). New horizons in educational development, Review of Research in Education, WA D.C.: AERA.

Lochhead, J. (1988). Some pieces of the puzzle. In Constructivism in the Computer Age, Forman, G,. & Pufall, P. (Eds.) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Loftin, R.B., Engelberg, M., & Benedetti, R. (1993). Applying virtual reality in education: A prototypical virtual physics laboratory. IEEE (0-8186-4910-0).

Loftin, R.B., Kenney, P.J. (1995). Training the Hubble space telescope flight team. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 15(5), 31-38.

McLellan, H. (1996). Virtual realities. In D. Jonassen (Ed.) Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology. New York: Macmillan, 457-490.

McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media: the Extension of Man. NY: McGraw Hill.

Mecklenburger, J. (1993). To start a dialogue: The next generation of America’s schools. Phi Kappa Phi Journal, LXXIII(4), Fall 1993, 40-43.

Merickel, M. (1992). The Creative Technologies Project: A study of the relationship between virtual reality (perceived realism) and the ability of children to create, manipulate, and utilize mental images for spatially related problem solving. (Eric Document ED 352 942).

Minstrell, J. (1989). Teaching science for understanding. In Resnick, L. & Klopfer, L. (Eds.) Toward the Thinking Curriculum: Current Cognitive Research. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Minstrell, J. (1992). Facets of student knowledge and relevant instruction. In Duit, R., Goldberg, F., & Niedderer, H. (Eds.) Research in Physics Learning: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Studies. Kiel, Germany: University of Kiel.

Minstrell, J. Stimpson, V. & Hunt, E. (1992). Instructional design tools to assist teachers in addressing students’ understanding and reasoning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the AERA, San Francisco, April, 1992.

Mones-Hattal, B., Mandes, E. (1995). Enhancing visual thinking and learning with computer graphics and virtual environment design, Computers & Graphics, 19(6), 889-894.

Morris, C.W. (1964). Signification and Significance: A Study of the Relations of Signs and Values. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Morris, P.E., and Hampson, P.J. (1983). Imagery and Conciousness. Academic Press: NY.

Moshell, M. (199n). Study on the effectiveness of navigational and interaction training prior to experiencing a learning environment.

NARE (National Alliance for Restructing Education) (1994). School to Work: From Theory to Practice. Presented at the School to Work Conference, Seattle, WA April 21-24, 1994.

NARE (National Alliance for Restructuring Education) (1996). Organizing for Results. Presented at the National Conference held by the National Center on Education and the Economy, San Diego, CA, January 6-8, 1996.

NRC (National Research Council) (1995). National Science Education Standards. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

Negroponte, N. (1995). Being Digital. NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive Psychology. NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Newman, D.P., Griffin, P., & Cole, M. (1989). The Construction Zone: Working for Cognitive Change in School. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Noddings, N. (1984). Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Noddings, N. (1993). Educating for Intelligent Belief or Unbelief. NY: Teachers College Press.

Norman, D. (1993). Things that Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Nöth, W. (1990). A Handbook of Semiotics, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.

Osberg, K.M. (1993a). Virtual Reality and Education: A Look at Both Sides of the Sword. HIT Lab Technical Report R-93-7. Seattle: Human Interface Technologies Laboratory.

Osberg, K.M. (1993b). Virtual Reality and Spatial Cognition Enhancement: A Pilot Study. Seattle, WA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory at the University of Washington.

Osberg, K.M. (1994a). Rethinking Educational Technology: A Postmodern View. Human Interface Technology Lab Technical Report R-94-4.

Osberg, K.M. (1994b). Distance Learning and Virtual Reality: A Collaborative Learning Opportunity, Proceedings of the Computer Managed Learning conference, December, 1994, Melbourne, Australia.

Osberg, K.M. (1995a). The Teacher’s Guide to Developing Virtual Environments. Human Interface Technology Laboratory Special Publication, VRRV Project Support.

Osberg, K.M. (1995b). The VRRV Report. VR in the Schools: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill College of Education.

Osberg, K.M. (1996). But What’s Behind Door Number 4? Virtual Reality and Ethics: A Discussion. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Virtual Reality and Ethics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, October 4 - 6, 1996.

Osberg, K.M. (1997). The Effect of Having Grade Seven Students Construct Virtual Environments on their Comprehension of Science. Paper presented at the 1997 AERA Conference, March 24-28, Chicago, IL.

Paivio, A.U. (1971). Imagery and Verbal Processes. Holt, Rhinehart & Winston: NY.

Papert, S. (1993). The Children’s Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer. NY: BasicBooks.

Patterson, J.L., Purkey, S.C., Parker, J.V. (1986). Productive School Systems for a Nonrational World, Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Peirce, C. (1955). Philosophical Writings. NY: Dover.

Perkins, D.N. (1993). What constructivism demands of the learner. In Duffy & Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Philips, D.C. (1995). The good, the bad and the ugly: the many faces of constructivism. Educational Researcher, 24(7), 5-19.

Piaget, J. (1954). The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York: Basic Books.

Piaget, J. (1977). The Development of Thought: Equilibration of Cognitive Structures. (Arnold Rosin, Trans.) NY: Viking.

Pinker, S., & Kosslyn, S. (1978). The representation and manipulation of three-dimensional space in mental images. Journal of Mental Imagery, 2, 69-84.

Poplin, M. (1991). Constructing Meaning: Visions and Views. Schenectedy, NY: New York State English Council.

Pressley, M., Harris, K.R., Marks, M.B. (1992). But good strategy instructors are constructivists!, Educational Psychology Review, 4(1), 3-32.

Project 2061, (1993a). Benchmarks for Science Literacy. NY: Osford University Press.

Project 2061, (1993b). Science for All Americans. NY: Osford University Press.

Prothero, J., Parker, D., Furness, T. and Wells, M. (1995). Towards a Robust, Quantitative Measure for Presence. HIT Lab Technical Report P-95-8.

Pylyshyn, Z. (1973). What the mind’s eye tells the mind’s brain. Psychological Bulletin, 80 (1), 1-24.

Pylyshyn, Z. (1981). The imagery debate: analogue media versus tacit knowledge. Psychological Review, 88 (1), 16-45.

Resnick, L.B., Klopfer, L.E. (1989). Toward the Thinking Curriculum: An Overview. In Resnick, L.B., Klopfer, L.E. (Eds.) Toward the Thinking Curriculum: Current Cognitive Research, Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Rheingold, H. (1995). Virtual Communities. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Richardson, A. (1969). Mental Imagery. NY: Springer Publishing.

Richardson, A. (1994). Individual Differences in Imaging: Their Measurement, Origins, and Consequences. NY: Springer Publishing.

Richardson, J.T.E. (1980). Mental Imagery and Human Memory. London: McMillan.

Rief, L. (1990). Finding the value in evaluation: Self-assessment in a middle school classroom. Educational Leadership, March 1990, 24-29.

Rose, H.A. (1995). Assessing learning in VR: Towards developing a paradigm. (Human Interface Technology Laboratory Lab Report, #R-95-1. Seattle, WA; Human Interface Technology Laboratorty.

Rose, H.A. (1996). Design and Construction of a Virtual Environment for Japanese Language Instruction, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Howard A. Rose.

Ryle, G. (1943). The Concept of the Mind. London: Hutchinson.

Salomon, G., Perkins, D.N., Globerson, T. (1991). Partners in cognition: extending human intelligence with intelligent technologies. Educational Researcher, April 1991, 2-16.

Samuels, M., & Samuels, N. (1975). Seeing With the Mind's Eye. New York: Random House.

Saussare, F. (1916). 1969. Course in General Linguistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Scardamalia, M. Bereiter, C., McLean. R.S., Swallow, J. Woodruff, E. (1989). Computer-supported intentional learning environments. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 5(1), 51-68.

Schlechtly, P.C. (1990). Schools for the 21st Century: Leadership Imperatives for Educational Reform. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Arts & Practices of the Learning Organization. NY: Doubleday.

Shank, G. (1992). Educational semiotic: threat or menace?. Educational Psychology Review, 4 (2), 195-221.

Shank, G. (1997). Hanging Out in the Civitas Signae. Paper presented at the 1997 AERA Conference, March 24-28, Chicago, IL.

Shank, G., Ross, J.M., Covalt, W., Terry, S., Weiss, E. (1994). Improving creative thinking using instructional technology: computer-aided abductive reasoning. Educational Technology, Dec. 1994, 33-42.

Shweder, R.A. (1991). Thinking Through Cultures; expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Simmons, R. (1994). The horse before the cart: assessing for understanding. Educational Leadership, February, 1994, 22-23.

Simpson, M. (1995). Shoreline Learning Priorities. Seattle, WA: Shoreline School District.

Solso, R. (1994). Cognition and the Visual Arts. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Spiro, R., Feltovich, P., Jacobsen, M., & Coulson, R. (1992a). Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains. In Duffy & Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Spiro, R., Feltovich, P., Jacobsen, M., & Coulson, R. (1992b). Knowledge representation content specification, and the development of skill in situation-specific knowledge assembly: Some constructivist issues as they relate to cognitive flexibility theory and hypertext. In Duffy & Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Sternberg, R. (1988). A three-facet model of creativitiy. In R. Sternberg (Ed.) The Nature of Creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Strommen, E.F., Lincoln, B. (1992). Constructivism, Technology, and the Future of Classroom Learning. Institute for Learning Technologies Web Page.

Sweet, D., & Zimmerman, J. (1992). Performance Assessment, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, WA DC. ED #353329.

Taylor, R. (1992). Using Integrated, Thematic, Teaching Strategies to Increase Student Achievement and Motivation, Bellevue, WA: Bureau of Education & Research.

Taylor, W. (1997). Paper presented at the annual AERA conference, April 9-11, Chicago, IL.

Unger, C. (1994). What teaching for understanding looks like. Educational Leadership, February, 1994, 8-10.

VRC (Vermont Restructuring Collaborative) (1994). Field Guide to Educational Renewal, Brandon, VT: Holistic Education Press.

Weisberg, R.W. (1988). Problem solving and creativitiy. In R. Sternberg (Ed.) The Nature of Creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Winn, W. (1992). The assumptions of constructivism and instructional design. In Duffy & Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Winn, W. (1993). A Conceptual Basis for Educational Applications of Virtual Reality. HIT Lab Technical Report R-93-9. Seattle: Human Interface Technologies Laboratory.

Winn, W. (1994). It’s virtually educational, Information Week, March 28, 1994, p36.

Winn, W. (1995). Virtual Reality Roving Van Project. T.H.E. Journal, 5(12).

Winn, W. (1997). The Effect of Student Construction of Virtual Environments on the Performance of High- and Low-Ability Students. Paper presented at the 1997 AERA Conference, March 24-28, Chicago, IL.

Winn, W., Bricken, W. (1992). Designing virtual worlds for use in mathematics education: the example of experiential algebra, Educational Technology, 32(12), 12-19.

Winn, W., Hoffman, H., Osberg, K. (1995). Semiotics and the Design of Objects, Actions, and Interactions in Virtual Environments. Presented at the Symposium "Semiotics and cognition: Issues in the symbolic design of learning environments", AERA, San Francisco, CA, April 1995.

Winograd, T., & Flores, F. (1986). Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Co.

Wiske, M.S. (1994). How teaching for understanding changes the rules in the classroom. Educational Leadership, February, 1994, 19-21.

Yocam, K., Wilmore, F., Dwyer, D. (1992). Situated Teacher Development: ACOT’s Two-Year Pilot Project. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Technology and Teacher Education, Houston, TX, 1992.

Zeltzer. 1992. Presence.

Zemelman, S. Daniels, H., & Hyde, A. (1993). Best Practice: New Standards for Teaching and Learning in America’s Schools. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.


Human Interface Technology Laboratory