Technical Publication: R-99-9
Last Update: June 25, 1999
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/r-99-9/
Presence Bibliography
Toni Emerson, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
Anthony Steed, University College London
Mark Billinghurst, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
This report is also available in PDF and RTF files.
Human Interface Technology Laboratory
Department of Computer Science
Keywords: presence, immersion, tele-immersion, suspension of disbelief, being there, telepresence, tele-presence, tele-existence, social presence, social virtual presence, subjective presence, media appropriateness, media richness Akesson, K.-P., & Ljungberg, F. (1998). Coupling real and virtual environments. Proceedings of the Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, First International Workshop on Presence, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK. Available:
University of Washington
Box 352142
Seattle, WA 98195-2142 USA
University College London
LONDON WC1E 6BT, U.K.
Antonini, R. (1999). Broadcasting digitally generated gameshows. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Presence, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Available:
http://193.204.117.76/presence/abstract.htm Arglye, M., & Dean, J. (1964). Eye-contact, Distance, and Affiliation. Sociometry, 28, 289-304.Axelsson, A.-S., & Schroeder, R. (1999). Trust in shared virtual environments: the example of Activeworlds. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Presence, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Available:
http://193.204.117.76/presence/abstract.htm Azar, B. (1996). The VR pricetag: nausea, dizziness and disorientation. The APA Monitor, 27(3), 25.BaalSchem, J., & Shinar, D. (1998). The telepresence era: global village or ''media slums''? IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 17(1), 28-35.
Baier, H., Buss, M., Freyberger, F., Hoogen, J., Kammermeier, P., & Schmidt, G. (1999). Distributed PC-based Haptic, Visual and acoustic telepresence system-experiments in virtual and remote environments. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality '99, 118-125.
Bangay, S., & Preston, L. (1998). An investigation into factors influencing immersion in interactive virtual reality environments. In R. G. & W. B. K. (Eds.), Virtual environments in clinical psychology and neuroscience: Methods and techniques in advanced patient-therapist interaction. (Vol. 58, pp. 43-51). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press.
Bardini, T. (1997). Bridging the gulfs: from hypertext to cyberspace. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communications, 3(2).
http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/bardini.html Barfield, W., & Weghorst, S. (1993). The sense of presence within virtual environments: a conceptual framework. In G. Salvendy & M. J. Smith (Eds.), Human - Computer Interaction: Software and Hardware Interfaces (pp. 699-704). New York, NY: Elsevier.Barfield, W., & Weghorst, S. (1993). The sense of presence within virtual environments - a conceptual framework. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference On Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International 93), Orlando, FL USA, 699-704.
Barfield, W., Rosenberg, C., Han, S.-H., & Furness, T. A. (1993). Spatial situational awareness as a function of frame of reference, virtual eyepoint elevation, and geometric field of view. Proceedings of the 1993 SID International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, Seattle, WA USA, 107-110.
Barfield, W., Rosenberg, & Cohen. (1993). Presence as a Function or Frame of Reference within Virtual Environments (Technical Report). Seattle, WA USA: University of Washington, Sensory Engineering Lab.
Barfield, W., & Hendrix, C. (1995). Factors affecting presence and performance in virtual environments. In R. M. Satava, K. Morgan, H. B. Sieburg, R. Mattheus, & J. P. Christensen (Eds.), Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare (pp. 21-28). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Barfield, W., Zeltzer, D., Sheridan, T., & Slater, M. (1995). Presence and performance within virtual environments. In T. A. Furness & W. Barfield (Eds.), Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design (pp. 473-513). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Barfield, W., & Hendrix, C. (1995). The effect of update rate on the sense of presence within virtual environments. Virtual Reality: The Journal of the Virtual Reality Society, 1(1), 3-16.
Barfield, W., & Nussbaum, M. (1997). Empirical studies in virtual and augmented reality. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting, 1223-1223.
Barfield, W., Baird, K. M., & Bjorneseth, O. J. (1998). Presence in virtual environments as a function of type of input device and display update rate. Displays, 19(2), 91-98.
Barfield, W., & Williges, R. C. (1998). Virtual environments: models, methodology, and empirical studies. [preface]. Human Factors, 40(3), 351-353.
Benford, S., Snowdon, D., Brown, C., Reynard, G., & Ingram, R. (1997). Visualising and populating the Web: collaborative virtual environments for browsing, searching and inhabiting webspace. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 29(15), 1751-1761.
Bergeron, B. P. (1998). Telepresence and the practice of medicine - Look for machines to assist you, not replace you. Postgraduate Medicine, 103(4), 37-&.
Billinghurst, M., & Weghorst, S. (1995). The use of sketch maps to measure cognitive maps of virtual environments. Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Syposium (VRAIS '95), Research Triangle Park, NC, 40-47. Available:
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/p-94-1/ Biocca, F. (1992). Communication within virtual reality - creating a space for research. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 5-22.Biocca, F. (1992). Virtual reality technology - a tutorial. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 23-72.
Biocca, F. (1993). Communication research in the design of communication interfaces and systems. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 59-68.
Biocca, F., & Delaney, B. (1995). Immersive virtual reality technology. In F. Biocca & M. R. Levy (Eds.), Communication in the age of virtual reality (pp. 57-124). Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Biocca, F., & Levy, M. R. (1995). Communications applications of virtual reality. In F. Biocca & M. Levy (Eds.), Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality (pp. 127-189). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Biocca, F. (1997). The cyborg's dilemma: progressive embodiment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communications, 3(2). Available:
http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/biocca2.html Biocca, F., & Kim, T. (1997). Telepresence via television: two dimensions of telepresence may have different connections to memory and persuasion. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communciation, 3(2). Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/kim.html Biocca, F. (1997). The cyborg's dilemma: embodiment in virtual environments. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology, Humanizing the Information Age, 12-26.Bly, S. A., & Minneman, S. L. (1990). Commune: a shared drawing surface. SIGOIS Bulletin, 11(2-3), 184-192.
Bly, S. A., Harrison, S. R., Irwin, S., & Lyles, B. (1993). Media spaces: bringing people together in a video, audio, and computing environment. Communications of the ACM, 36(1), 28-47.
Bolzoni, M., & Marom, R. (1996). Effects of virtual presence in collaborative environments: social and cognitive aspects of video-mediated interaction [poster]. Proceedings of the CVE'96: Collaborative Virtual Environments.
Bordas, J. C., Fuchs, P., & Ernadotte, D. (1996). Stereo vision and telepresence. Proceedings of Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III, SPIE - the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2653, 106-114.
Bowers, J., O'Brien, J., Pycock, J. (1996). Practically accomplishing immersion: cooperation in and for virtual environments. Proceedings of the ACM 1996 Conference on Computer Supported Work, New York, 380-389.
Bowersox, J. C. (1996). Telepresence surgery. British Journal of Surgery, 83(4), 433-434.
Bowersox, J. C., Shah, A., Jensen, J., Hill, J., Cordts, P. R., & Green, P. S. (1996). Vascular applications of telepresence surgery: initial feasibility studies in swine. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 23(2), 281-286.
Boyd, C. (1997). does immersion make a virtual environment more usable? Proceedings of the ACM CHI 97 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. [Extended Abstracts], Atlanta, GA USaA, 325-326. Available:
http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/cb.htm Bullinger, A. H., Roessler, A., & Mueller, S. F. (1998). From Toy to Tool: The development of immersive virtual reality environments for psychotherapy of specific phobias. In R. G. & W. B. K. (Eds.), Virtual environments in clinical psychology and neuroscience: Methods and techniques in advanced patient-therapist interaction. (Vol. 58, pp. 103-111). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press.Burdea, G., Richard, P., & Coiffet, P. (1996). multimodal virtual reality: input-output devices, system integration, and human factors human-virtual environment interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 8(1), 5-24.
Bystrom, K. E. (1995). Presence and performance in virtual environments as a function of copresence and degree of participant movement. Unpublished Masters Thesis (#44082), Seattle, WA: University of Washington, School of Engineering.
Caldwell, B. S., Uang, S. T., & Taha, L. H. (1995). Appropriateness of communications media use in organizations - situation requirements and media characteristics. Behaviour & Information Technology, 14(4), 199-207.
Caldwell, D. G., Wardle, A., Kocak, O., & Goodwin, M. (1996). Telepresence feedback and input systems for a twin armed mobile robot. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 3(3), 29-38.
Caldwell, D. G., Reddy, K., Kocak, O., & Wardle, A. (1996). Sensory requirements and performance assessment of tele-presence controlled robots. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference On Robotics and Automation, 1375-1380.
Carlsson, C. a. J., K.M. (1995). The DIVE Laboratory. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 4(4), 431-440.
Christou, C., & Parker, A. (1995). Virtual realism and virtual reality: a psychological perspective. In K. Carr & R. England (Eds.), Simulated and Virtual Reality: Elements of Perception (pp. 53-84). London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Ciulli, N., Giordano, S., & Sparano, D. (1998). A cooperative environment based on augmented reality: from telepresence to performance issues. Computer Networks and Isdn Systems, 30(16-18), 1447-1455.
Cobb, S. V. G. (1999). Measurement of postural stability before and after immersion in a virtual environment. Applied Ergonomics, 30(1), 47-57.
Cohn V.J., D. P. a. L., J.R. (1996). Reaching movements during illusory self-rotation show compensation for expected Coriolis forces. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 22(1), 654.
Cukor, P., Baer, L., Willis, B. S., Leahy, L., O'Laughlen, J., Murphy, M., Withers, M., & Martin, E. (1998). Use of videophones and low-cost standard telephone lines to provide a social presence in telepsychiatry. Telemedicine Journal, 4(4), 313-321.
Czernuszenko, M., Pape, D., Sandin, D., DeFanti, T., Dawe, G., & Brown, M. (1997). The ImmersaDesk and Infinity Wall projection-based virtual reality displays. Computer Graphics, 31(2), 46-49.
http://www.evl.uic.edu/pape/CAVE/idesk/paper/ D'Ambra, J., & Rice, R. E. (1994). Multimethod approaches for the study of computer-mediated communication, equivocality, and media selection. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 37(4), 231(239).Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness, and structural design. Management Science, 32, 554-571.
Daft, R. L. (1998). Essentials of Organization Theory and Design. Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern College Publishing.
Daly-Jones, O., Monk, A., & Watts, L. (1998). Some advantages of video conferencing over high-quality audio conferencing: fluency and awareness of attentional focus. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 49(1), 21-58.
Davies, C. (1995). Osmose: Notes on "BEING" in immersive virtual space. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Electronic Arts (ISEA '95), Montreal. Available:
http://www.softimage.com/Projects/Osmose/notes.htmDavis, D. M. (1995). Illusions and ambiguities in the telemedia environment - an exploration of the transformation of social roles. Journal Of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39(4), 517.
DeFanti, T., Sandin, D., Dawe, G., Brown, M., Rawlings, M., Lindahl, G., Johnson, A., & Leigh, J. (1998). Personal tele-immersion devices. Proceedings of the The Seventh International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing, Chicago, IL, USA, 198-205.
DohertySneddon, G., Anderson, A., Omalley, C., Langton, S., Garrod, S., & Bruce, V. (1997). Face-to-face and video-mediated communication: A comparison of dialogue structure and task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied, 3(2), 105-125.
Dommel, H. P., & GarciaLunaAceves, J. J. (1997). Floor control for multimedia conferencing and collaboration. Multimedia Systems, 5(1), 23-38.
Dove, T. (1994). Theater without actors - immersion and response in installation. Art and Design [special issue on Virtual Environments and Immersion Spaces of Perception in Art], 27(4), 281-287.
Draft, R. L., & Lengel, R. (1986). Organizational information requirements: media richness and structural design. Management Science, 32, 554-571.
Draper, J. V., Kaber, D. B., & Usher, J. M. (1998). Telepresence. Human Factors, 40(3), 354-375.
Durbin, J., Swan, E., Colbert, B., Crowe, J., King, R., King, T., Scannell, C., Wartell, Z., & Welsh, T. (1998). battlefield visualization on the responsive workbench. Proceedings of the Visualization '98, 463-466.
Durlach, N., & Slater, M. (1998). Presence in shared virtual environments and virtual togetherness. Proceedings of the Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, First International Workshop on Presence, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK. Available:
http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/m.slater/BTWorkshop/durlach.html Eggleston, R., Janson, W., & K., A. (1997). Field of view effects on a direct manipulation task in a virtual environment. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 41st Annual Meeting, 1244-1248.El-Shinnawy, M., & Markus, M. L. (1998, December). Acceptance of communication media in organizations: Richness or features. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 41(4), 242.
El-Shinnawy, M. (1998, June). Susan T. Kinney and Richard T. Watson: "The effect of medium and task on dyadic communication.". IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 41(2), 140(143).
Ellis, S. R. (1996). Presence of mind: A reaction to Thomas Sheridan's ''Further musings on the psychophysics of presence''. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(2), 247-259.
El-Shinnawy, M., & Markus, M. L. (1997). The poverty of media richness theory: explaining people's choice of electronic mail vs. voice mail. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 46, 443-467.
Fencott, P. C. (1999). Presence and the content of virtual environments. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Presence, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Available:
http://web.onyxnet.co.uk/Fencott-onyxnet.co.uk/pres99/pres99.htm Ferworn, A., Roque, R., & Vecchia, I. (1999). MAX: Teleoperated dog on the Web. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Presence, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.Available: http://www.scs.ryerson.ca/~aferworn/max/max.html Flach, J. M., & Holden, J. G. (1998). The reality of experience: Gibson's way. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(1), 90-95.Fontaine, G. (1992). The experience of a sense of presence in intercultural and international encounters. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(4), 482-490.
Foster, D., & Meech, J. F. (1995). Social dimensions of virtual reality. In K. Carr & R. England (Eds.), Simulated and Virtual Reality: Elements of Perception (pp. 209-223). London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Foster, T. (1997). ''Trapped by the body''? Telepresence technologies and transgendered performance in feminist and lesbian rewritings of cyberpunk fiction. Modern Fiction Studies, 43(3), 708-742.
Fowler, C. J. H., & Mayes, T. (1997). Applying telepresence to education. BT Technology Journal, 15(4), 188-195.
Fowler, C. J. H., & Mayes, J. T. (1999). Applying telepresence to education. Telepresence, 16, 334-349.
Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Harrison, D., Lodge, N., & Pearson, D. (1998). Behavioural Realism as a Metric of Presence, [HTML document]. University of Essex. Available:
http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~jfreem/uoebt.htm [1999, April 13, 1999].Garner, P., Collins, M., Webster, S. M., & Rose, D. A. D. (1997). The application of telepresence in medicine. BT Technology Journal, 15(4), 181-187.
Garner, P., Collins, M., Webster, S. M., & Rose, D. A. D. (1999). The application of telepresence in medicine. Telepresence, 16, 323-333.
Geist, R., Stinson, T., Schalkoff, R., & Gurbuz, S. (1997). Autonomous virtualization of real environments for telepresence applications. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(6), 645-657.
Gilkey, R. H., & Weisenberger, J. M. (1995). The sense of presence for the suddenly deafened adult: implications for virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 4(4), 357-363.
Goslin, M., & Ford Morie, J. (1996). Virtopia: emotional experiences in virtual environments. Leonardo, 29(2), 95-100.
Gristock, J. J. (1998). Organisational virtuality: a conceptual framework for communication in shared virtual environments. Proceedings of the Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, First International Workshop on Presence, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK. Available:
http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/prpk1/bt13.html Gupta, S. K., & Bowersox, J. C. (1996). Vascular applications of telepresence surgery: Initial feasibility studies in swine - Discussion. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 23(2), 287-287.Harrison, S., Bly, S., Anderson, S., & Minneman, S. (1997). The media xpace. In K. E. Finn & A. J. Sellen (Eds.), Video-Mediated Communication. Computers, cognition, and work (pp. 273-300). Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Harvey, M. L., Loomis, R. J., Bell, P. A., & Marino, M. (1998). The influence of museum exhibit design on immersion and psychological flow. Environment & Behavior, 30(5), 601-627.
Heeter, C. (1992). Being there: the subjective experience of presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(2), 262-271.
http://commtechlab.msu.edu/randd/research/beingthere.html Heeter, C. (1995). Communication research on consumer vr. In F. Biocca & M. Levy (Eds.), Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality (pp. 191-218). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Held, R. M., & Durlach, N. I. (1992). Telepresence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(1), 109-112.
Hendrix, C. M. (1994). Exploratory studies on the sense of presence in virtual environments as a function of visual and auditory display parameters. Unpublished Master's Thesis (#43003), University of Washington, School of Engineering, Seattle, WA.
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/HENDRIX/Hendrix, C., & Barfield, W. (1995). Presence in virtual environments as a function of visual and auditory cues. Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '95, 74-82.
Hendrix, C., & Barfield, W. (1996). Presence within virtual environments as a function of visual display parameters. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(3), 274-289.
Hendrix, C., & Barfield, W. (1996). The sense of presence within auditory virtual environments. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(3), 290-301.
Hill, J. W., Holst, P. A., Jensen, J. F., Goldman, J., Gorfu, Y., & Ploeger, D. W. (1998). Telepresence interface with applications to microsurgery and surgical simulation. Medicine Meets Virtual Reality, 50, 96-102.
Hill, J. W., & Jensen, J. F. (1998). Telepresence technology in medicine: Principles and applications. Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(3), 569-580.
Ho, C., Basdogan, C., Slater, M., Durlach, M., & Srinivasan, M. A. (1998). An experiment on the influence of haptic communication on the sense of being together. Proceedings of the Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, First International Workshop on Presence, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK. Available:
http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/m.slater/BTWorkshop/TouchExp/index.htmlHoffman, H., Groen, J., Rousseau, S., Hollander, A., Winn, W., Wells, M., & Furness, T. (1996). Tactile augmentation: enhancing presence in virtual reality with tactile feedback from real objects. Proceedings of the Convention of the American Psychological Society, San Francisco, CA, (presented paper). Available:
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/p-96-1/ Hoffman, H. G., Prothero, J., Wells, M. J., & Groen, J. (1998). Virtual chess: meaning enhances users' sense of presence in virtual environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10(3), 251-263.Holderness, M. (1998). Presence in CVEs as extelligence: virtuality and collectivity. Proceedings of the Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, First International Workshop on Presence, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK. Available:
http://www.poptel.org.uk/nuj/mike/presence.htmHollier, M. P., Rimell, A. N., & Burraston, D. (1997). Spatial audio technology for telepresence. Bt Technology Journal, 15(4), 33-41.
Hollier, M. P., Rimell, A. N., & Burraston, D. (1999). Spatial audio technology for telepresence. Telepresence, 16, 40-56.
Howe, T., & Sharkey, P. M. (1998). Identifying likely successful users of virtual reality systems. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(3), 308-316.
Ijsselsteijn, W., deRidder, H., Hamberg, R., Bouwhuis, D., & Freeman, J. (1998). Perceived depth and the feeling of presence in 3DTV. Displays, 18(4), 207-214.
IJsselsteijn, W. A., & de Ridder, H. (1998). Measuring temporal variations in presence. Proceedings of the Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, First International Workshop on Presence, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK.Available:
http://www.tue.nl/ipo/people/ijsselsteijn/btpaper.html Izquierdo, E. (1997). Stereo matching for enhanced telepresence in three-dimensional videocommunications. IEEE Transactions On Circuits and Systems For Video Technology, 7(4), 629-643.Jackson, R., Taylor, W., & Winn, W. (1998). Peer collaboration and virtual environments: a preliminary investigation of multi-participant virtual reality applied in science education. Proceedings of the Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, First International Workshop on Presence, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK.Available:
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/r-98-10/ Jain, R. (1995). Real telepresence. IEEE Multimedia, 2(4), 3-4.Johnson, A., Leigh, J., DeFanti, T., Sandin, D., Brown, M., & Dawe, G. (1999). Next-generation tele-immersive devices for desktop trans-oceanic collaboration. Proceedings of the IS&T/SPIE Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing '99, San Jose CA, Jan 25-27, 1999, 1420-1429. Available:
http://www.evl.uic.edu/aej/papers/spie.pdf Kac, E., & Bennett, E. (1996). `Ornitorrinco' and `Rara Avis': telepresence art on the internet - a discussion of aesthetic implications and practical implementations. Leonardo, 29(5), 389-400.Kac, E. (1998). Live from mars (investigation of the artistic dimension of telepresence). Leonardo, 31(1), 1-2.
Kalawsky , R. S. (1998). VRSART: a tool for evaluation of contributory factors associated with presence in spatially immersive environments. Proceedings of the Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, First International Workshop on Presence, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK. Available:
http://sgi-hursk.lut.ac.uk/~avrrc/presence/vrsart.htmKaplan, A. E., Keshav, S., Schryer, N. L., & Venutolo, J. H. (1997). An Internet accessible telepresence. Multimedia Systems, 5(2), 140-144.
Karahanna, E., & Straub, D. W. (1999). The psychological origins of perceived usefulness and ease-of-use. Information & Management, 35(4), 237-250.
Kassell, N. F., Downs, J. H., & Graves, B. S. (1997). Telepresence in neurosurgery: The Integrated Remote Neurosurgical System. Medicine Meets Virtual Reality, 39, 411-419.
Kelso, M. T., Weyhrauch, P., & Bates, J. (1993). Dramatic presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 2(1), 1-15.
Kennedy, R. S., Lanham, D. S., Drexler, J. M., Massey, C. J., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1997). A comparison of cybersickness incidences, symptom profiles, measurement techniques, and suggestions for further research. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(6), 638-644.
Kim, T., & Biocca, F. (1997). Telepresence via television: two dimensions of telepresence may have different connections to memory and persuasion. JCMC, 3(2).
http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/kim.html King, R. C., & Xia, W. D. (1997). Media appropriateness: Effects of experience on communication media choice. Decision Sciences, 28(4), 877-910.Kozarek, R. A. (1997). Virtual reality and gastrointestinal endoscopy, or, is Virtual Vision(R) a speed bump on the road to telepresence? Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 24(3), 130-132.
Kramer, G. (1995). Sound and communication in virtual reality. In F. Biocca & M. Levy (Eds.), Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality (pp. 259-276). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kraut, R. E., Rice, R. E., Cool, C., & Fish, R. S. (1998). Varieties of social influence: The role of utility and norms in the success of a new communication medium. Organization Science, 9(4), 437-453.
Lackner, J. R., & DiZio, P. (1998). Spatial orientation as a component of presence: Insights gained from nonterrestrial environments. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(2), 108-115.
Lanier, J., & Biocca, F. (1992). An insider view of the future of virtual reality. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 150-172.
Lauria, R. (1997). Virtual Reality: an empirical-metaphysical testbed. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2).
http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/lauria.html Lewis, A. V., & Cosier, G. (1997). Whither video? pictorial culture and telepresence. BT Technology Journal, 15(4), 64-85.Lewis, A., & Cosier, G. (1998). Whither video? - Television and telepresence. British Telecommunications Engineering, 17, 158-162.
Lewis, A. V., & Cosier, G. (1999). Whither video? Pictorial culture and telepresence. Telepresence, 16, 99-141.
Lindlof, T. R., & Shatzer, M. J. (1998). Media ethnography in virtual space: Strategies, limits, and possibilities. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 42(2), 170-189.
Lloyd, A., & Rees, R. (1994). Simple demonstrations of tele-diagnostics and tele-presence/robotics. Proceedings of the Virtual Reality and Medicine: The Cutting Edge, 88-91.
Lombard, M. (1995). Direct responses to people on the screen - television and personal-space. Communication Research, 22(3), 288-324.
Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: the concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2).
http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/lombard.html Loomis, J. M. (1992). Distal Attribution and Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(1), 113-119.Loomis, J. M. (1992). Presence and distal attribution: phenomenology, determinants, and assessment. Proceedings of the Human Vision, Visual Processing and Digital Display III, 590-595.
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