From xxcalaaa@u.washington.edu Mon Apr 10 10:56:38 1995 Return-Path: Received: from mx5.u.washington.edu by stein2.u.washington.edu (5.65+UW95.02/UW-NDC Revision: 2.32 ) id AA16504; Mon, 10 Apr 95 10:56:38 -0700 Received: from hitl-new.hitl.washington.edu by mx5.u.washington.edu (5.65+UW95.02/UW-NDC Revision: 2.31 ) id AA16727; Mon, 10 Apr 95 10:56:37 -0700 Received: by hitl.hitl.washington.edu; id AA08452; Mon, 10 Apr 1995 10:52:11 -0700 Received: by haley5.u.washington.edu (5.65+UW95.02/UW-NDC Revision: 2.32 ) id AA83682; Mon, 10 Apr 95 10:56:34 -0700 Date: Mon, 10 Apr 95 10:56:34 -0700 From: The UW Libraries Databases Message-Id: <9504101756.AA83682@haley5.u.washington.edu> X-Sender: xxcalaaa@haley5.u.washington.edu To: scivw@hitl.washington.edu Subject: UWLIB Search Results X-Status: Status: OR 1 AN 4903669. AU Pausch-R. Shackelford-M-A. Proffitt-D. IN Virginia Univ., Charlottesville, VA, USA. TI A user study comparing head-mounted and stationary displays. SO Published by: IEEE Comput. Soc. Press. Los Alamitos, CA, USA. 1993. RF 18 refs. CT Proceedings IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality (Cat. No.93TH0585-0). San Jose, CA, USA. pp. 41-5. IEEE Comput. Soc. Tech. Committee on Comput. Graphics. ACM/SIGGRAPH. 25-26 Oct. 1993. IB 0818649100. LG eng. YR 1993. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8186 4910 0/93/$3.00. CP USA. CC C5540B. C6180. C6130B. DE computer-displays. human-factors. task-analysis. user-interfaces. virtual-reality. ID user study. stationary displays. virtual reality systems. synthetically generated environment. user interface. task performance. generic search task. head-mounted display. resolution. field-of-view. task completion time. AB Head-mounted displays, as popularized by virtual reality systems, offer the opportunity to immerse a user in a synthetically generated environment. While there is much anecdotal evidence that this is a qualitative jump in the user interface, there is little quantitative data to establish that emersion improves task performance. The authors present the results of a user study: users performing a generic search task decrease task performance time by roughly half (42% reduction) when they change from a stationary display to a head-mounted display with identical properties (resolution, field-of-view, etc.). A second result is that users who practice with the head-mounted display reduce task completion time by 23% in later trials with the stationary display, suggesting a transfer effect. UP 9503. 2 AN 4879961. AU Allen-D-W. IN Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA. TI A 1" high resolution field sequential display for head mounted applications. SO Published by: IEEE. New York, NY, USA. 1993. CT IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (Cat. No.93CH3336-5). Seattle, WA, USA. pp. 364-70. Virtual Reality Technol. Committee IEEE Neural Networks Council. SPIE. IEEE Seattle Sect. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. IEEE Inf. Theory Soc. IEEE Laser & Electro Opt. Soc. IEEE Oceanic Eng. Soc. IEEE Robotics & Autom. Soc. IEEE Signal Process. Soc. 18-22 Sept. 1993. IB 0780313631. LG eng. YR 1993. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). NI size 2.5E-02 m. picture size 6.4E+02 pixel. picture size 4.8E+02 pixel. picture size 3.072E+05 pixel. RN CCCC: 0 7803 1363 1/93/$3.00. CP USA. CC B7260. C5540B. DE colour-graphics. computer-graphic-equipment. image-sequences. interactive-devices. liquid-crystal-displays. three-dimensional-displays. virtual-reality. ID high resolution field sequential display. binocular virtual reality. LCD arrays. monochrome CRT. liquid crystal shutter. field-sequential color mode. Tektronix. virtual reality head-mounted displays. video drive. 1 in. 640 pixel. 480 pixel. 307200 pixel. AB Color displays used in binocular virtual reality are generally LCD arrays, with the maximum resolution determined by how small the individual color pixel elements can be made and driven electronically. A high resolution color display using a monochrome CRT and a liquid crystal shutter operated in a field-sequential color mode is described. The Tektronix 1-in frame sequential color monitor system significantly improves the resolution of color displays for virtual reality head-mounted displays to at least 640*480. The requirements of a field sequential full color monitor are discussed, as is the video drive for this device. UP 9502. 3 AN 4879946. AU Janin-A-L. Mizell-D-W. Caudell-T-P. IN Boeing Comput. Services, Seattle, WA, USA. TI Calibration of head-mounted displays for augmented reality applications. SO Published by: IEEE. New York, NY, USA. 1993. RF 7 refs. CT IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (Cat. No.93CH3336-5). Seattle, WA, USA. pp. 246-55. Virtual Reality Technol. Committee IEEE Neural Networks Council. SPIE. IEEE Seattle Sect. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. IEEE Inf. Theory Soc. IEEE Laser & Electro Opt. Soc. IEEE Oceanic Eng. Soc. IEEE Robotics & Autom. Soc. IEEE Signal Process. Soc. 18-22 Sept. 1993. IB 0780313631. LG eng. YR 1993. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 7803 1363 1/93/$3.00. CP USA. CC B7130. C5540B. C6130B. C7160. C7480. DE calibration. computer-displays. interactive-devices. manufacturing-data-processing. manufacturing-processes. virtual-reality. ID augmented reality applications. see-through head-mounted display. accurate position/orientation sensor. touch labor manufacturing processes. factory worker. index markings. workpiece. virtual screen. position sensor. coordinate system. linear transformation. world coordinates. experimental procedures. calibration parameters. AB The authors have developed "augmented reality" technology, consisting of a see-through head-mounted display, a robust, accurate position/orientation sensor, and their supporting electronics and software. Their primary goal is to apply this technology to touch labor manufacturing processes, enabling a factory worker to view index markings or instructions as if they were painted on the surface of a workpiece. In order to accurately project graphics onto specific points of a workpiece, it is necessary to have the coordinates of the workpiece, the display's virtual screen, the position sensor, and the user's eyes in the same coordinate system. The linear transformation and projection of each point to be displayed from world coordinates to virtual screen coordinates are described, and the experimental procedures for determining the correct values of the calibration parameters are characterized. UP 9502. 4 AN 4879917. AU Henry-D. Furness-T. IN Human Interface Technol. Lab., Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA. TI Spatial perception in virtual environments: Evaluating an architectural application. SO Published by: IEEE. New York, NY, USA. 1993. RF 16 refs. CT IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (Cat. No.93CH3336-5). Seattle, WA, USA. pp. 33-40. Virtual Reality Technol. Committee IEEE Neural Networks Council. SPIE. IEEE Seattle Sect. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. IEEE Inf. Theory Soc. IEEE Laser & Electro Opt. Soc. IEEE Oceanic Eng. Soc. IEEE Robotics & Autom. Soc. IEEE Signal Process. Soc. 18-22 Sept. 1993. IB 0780313631. LG eng. YR 1993. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 7803 1363 1/93/$3.00. CP USA. CC C6180. C6130B. DE human-factors. user-interfaces. virtual-reality. visual-perception. ID spatial perception. virtual environments. architectural application. virtual spaces. museum gallery. realtime computer generated model. stereoscopic head-mounted displays. head-position tracking. spatial dimension. computer simulation. AB An experiment was conducted to compare and explore the relationship between the way people perceive real and virtual spaces. Twenty-four architects toured either a real museum gallery or a realtime computer generated model of the same gallery under one of three increasingly inclusive viewing conditions, i.e., looking at a monitor, viewing through stereoscopic head-mounted displays without and with head-position tracking. Subjects were asked to perform spatial dimension, orientation and evaluation tasks. The most significant results indicate that subjects consistently underestimate the dimensions of the gallery in all three computer simulation conditions when compared to touring the real gallery. The most inclusive viewing condition yields underestimates for spatial dimensions which are significantly greater than the other two simulation conditions. UP 9502. 5 AN 4827375. AU Rushton-S. Mon-Williams-M. Wann-J-P. IN Dept. of Pschol., Edinburgh Univ., UK. TI Binocular vision in a bi-ocular world: new-generation head-mounted displays avoid causing visual deficit. SO Displays. vol.15, no.4. pp. 255-60. Oct. 1994. RF 13 refs. IS 0141-9382. CD DISPDP. LG eng. YR 1994. PT journal-article (J). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). NI time 6.0E+02 s. time 1.8E+03 s. RN CCCC: 0141-9382/94/040255-06$10.00. CP UK. CC B7260. B0180. DE display-devices. ergonomics. human-factors. ID binocular vision. head-mounted displays. stereoscopic visualization task. image disparity. image focal depth. optometric procedures. 10 min. 30 min. AB Our previous research highlighted adverse visual effects after wearing a binocular head-mounted display (HMD) for a 10 min stereoscopic visualization task. We have since proposed a theoretical explanation based on the conflict between the depth cues presented by image disparity and image focal depth. Such conflict, however, is not evident in all HMD configurations, and we replicated our early trials using a new-generation bi-ocular HMD produced by Virtuality Entertainment Ltd. Using similar, conventional optometric procedures with 50 participants, we observed no problems in the use of this display for immersion periods of up to 30 min. This study demonstrates that effective HMDs can be produced through careful design and precision engineering. It also suggests a difference between the presentation of binocular and bi-ocular images and the requirements that they place on the visual system. Factors to consider in the future development of binocular displays are discussed. UP 9412. 6 AN 4822894. AU Grigsby-S-S. Tsou-B-H. IN Logicon Tech. Services Inc., Dayton, OH, USA. TI Visual processing and partial-overlap head-mounted displays. SO Journal of the Society for Information Display. vol.2, no.2. pp. 69-74. Sept. 1994. RF 22 refs. IS 0734-1768. CD JSIDE8. LG eng. YR 1994. PT journal-article (J). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0734-1768/94-0202-0069$1.00. CP USA. CC B7260. DE display-instrumentation. visual-perception. ID visual processing. field of view. head-mounted displays. binocular displays. partial-overlap displays. visual sensitivity. eye movements. anatomical data. divergent optical layout. AB To increase the total field of view of binocular displays without sacrificing resolution, designers have opted to partially overlap the fields of the binoculars. Two important issues need to be addressed when designing partial-overlap displays: the extent of the binocular overlap and the configuration or layout. Properties of visual processing such as binocularity, visual sensitivity, and eye movements, as well as anatomical data, provide evidence for the advantage of a divergent optical layout with a binocular overlap of at least 400. UP 9411. 7 AN 4818773. AU Reed-D-A. Roth-P-C. Aydt-R-A. Shields-K-A. Tavera-L-F. Noe-R-J. Schwartz-B-W. IN Dept. of Comput. Sci., Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL, USA. TI Scalable performance analysis: the Pablo performance analysis environment. SO Published by: IEEE Comput. Soc. Press. Los Alamitos, CA, USA. 1994. RF 10 refs. CT Proceedings of the Scalable Parallel Libraries Conference. Mississippi State, MS, USA. pp. 104-13. Mississippi State Univ. Nat. Sci. Found. 6-8 Oct. 1993. IB 0818649801. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC APPLICATION (A). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8186 4980 1/94/$3.00. CP USA. CC C6115. C5470. C6110B. DE application-generators. optimisation. parallel-processing. performance-evaluation. programming-environments. ID scalable performance analysis. Pablo performance analysis environment. application codes. massively parallel computer systems. optimization problems. application program. system software. hardware interactions. dynamic statistical clustering. head-mounted displays. AB Developers of application codes for massively parallel computer systems face daunting performance tuning and optimization problems that must be solved if massively parallel systems are to fulfill their promise. Recording and analyzing the dynamics of application program, system software, and hardware interactions is the key to understanding and the prerequisite to performance tuning, but this instrumentation and analysis must not unduly perturb program execution. Pablo is a performance analysis environment designed to provide unobtrusive performance data capture, analysis, and presentation across a wide variety of scalable parallel systems. Current efforts include dynamic statistical clustering to reduce the volume of data that must be captured and complete performance data immersion via head-mounted displays. UP 9411. 8 AN 4806047. AU Stampe-D-M. Grodski-J-J. IN SR Res., Toronto, Ont., Canada. TI Low cost software-based rendering and stereoscopic interfaces for teleoperation and virtual reality. SO Published by: AGARD. Neuilly sur Seine, France. 1994. RF 15 refs. CT Virtual Interfaces: Research and Applications (AGARD-CP-541). Lisbon, Portugal. pp. 18/1-6. 18-22 Oct. 1993. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). CP France. CC C6130B. C6180. C5540B. C5150. C6160S. DE add-on-boards. IBM-computers. interactive-devices. microcomputer-applications. multimedia-systems. rendering-computer-graphics. stereo-image-processing. virtual-reality. ID low cost software-based rendering. stereoscopic interfaces. teleoperation. virtual reality. 3D graphics. live video. real-time response speed. VR support package. 486 PCs. real-time drawing rates. stereoscopic graphics. field-alternate displays. LCD shutter glasses. wide-angle head-mounted displays. PC interface devices. mouse. joystick. 6D pointing devices. head trackers. PC multimedia cards. stereoscopic TV images. teleoperated remote cameras. AB Many interface systems require generation of 3D graphics, either as the entire display in virtual reality systems or as an overlay on live video in teleoperation. Costs must be kept low to make such systems practical, but real-time response speed must not be sacrificed. Described here is a very low-cost rendering and VR support package for 386 and 486 PCs, which requires no added hardware to achieve real-time drawing rates (20 to 60 frames per second). It includes integral support for generation and display of stereoscopic graphics in many formats, including field-alternate displays using LCD shutter glasses, and wide-angle head-mounted displays. Many common PC interface devices are supported, including mouse, joystick, 6D pointing devices, and head trackers. Inexpensive PC multimedia cards allow output to be recorded on a VCR, or overlaid onto live video, including stereoscopic TV images from teleoperated remote cameras. Full source code is available, allowing the software to be customized for any application. UP 9411. 9 AN 4786985. AU Fischer-R-E. IN OPTICS I Inc., Westlake Village, CA, USA. TI Optics for head-mounted displays. SO Information Display. vol.10, no.7-8. pp. 12-16. July-Aug. 1994. RF 2 refs. IS 0362-0972. CD INFDAB. LG eng. YR 1994. PT journal-article (J). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0362-0972/94/$2.00+0.00. CP USA. CC B7260. C5540B. DE display-devices. human-factors. interactive-devices. optical-design-techniques. ID head-mounted displays. optical system. eye. optical subsystem. viewing optics. first-order optics. simple lens. magnifying glass. HMD optics. direct-view magnifier approach. relay optics. small LCD panel. bulky CRT. eyepiece. catadioptric systems. mirrors. all-reflective systems. image quality. eye relief. AB No matter how good the head-mounted display (HMD), it takes a well-designed optical system to get the image to the eye. The eye is examined as an optical subsystem in order to discuss viewing optics. Consideration is given to the optics of the eye and basic first-order optics of how we can view a small HMD with a simple lens or magnifying glass. There are two basic forms of HMD optics: a direct-view magnifier approach; and relay optics, which are more complex. If the display device is a small LCD panel, the former is often the choice. However, if the display device is a bulky CRT that can only be mounted, then the optics must naturally be more complex. HMD viewing optics for a compact LCD panel can take the form of a simple magnifier; a conventional eyepiece, as used with telescopes and microscopes; catadioptric systems, consisting of lenses and mirrors; all-reflective systems; or complex viewing optics, consisting of lenses and/or mirrors. The goal is to provide an acceptable level of image quality over the required field of view, while meeting the other system objectives, including eye relief, low cost, low weight, and small package size. UP 9411. 10 AN 4784992. AU Azuma-R. Bishop-G. IN Dept. of Comput. Sci., North Carolina Univ., Chapel Hill, NC, USA. TI Improving static and dynamic registration in an optical see-through HMD. SO Published by: ACM. New York, NY, USA. 1994. RF 37 refs. CT Computer Graphics Proceedings. Annual Conference Series 1994. SIGGRAPH 94 Conference Proceedings. Orlando, FL, USA. pp. 197-204. ACM. 24-29 July 1994. IB 0897916670. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 89791 667 0/94/007/0197$01.50. CP USA. CC B7260. B7230G. C5540. DE calibration. computer-graphic-equipment. display-devices. image-sensors. motion-estimation. predictive-control. virtual-reality. ID static registration. dynamic registration. optical see-through head-mounted displays. virtual 3D objects. augmented reality. user's perception. interaction. image registration. viewpoints. viewing angles. optoelectronic tracker. range. accuracy. calibration. dynamic errors. future head location prediction. inertial sensors. head-motion prediction. prediction distances. low-overhead operating systems. latency. AB In augmented reality, see-through head-mounted displays (HMDs) superimpose virtual 3D objects on the real world. This technology has the potential to enhance a user's perception and interaction with the real world. However, many augmented reality applications will not be accepted until we can accurately register virtual objects with their real counterparts. In previous systems, such registration was achieved only from a limited range of viewpoints, when the user kept his head still. This paper offers improved registration in two areas. First, our system demonstrates accurate static registration across a wide variety of viewing angles and positions. An optoelectronic tracker provides the required range and accuracy. Three calibration steps determine the viewing parameters. Second, dynamic errors that occur when the user moves his head are reduced by predicting future head locations. Inertial sensors mounted on the HMD aid head-motion prediction. Accurate determination of prediction distances requires low-overhead operating systems and eliminating unpredictable sources of latency. On average, prediction with inertial sensors produces errors 2-3 times lower than prediction without inertial sensors and 5-10 times lower than using no prediction at all. Future steps that may further improve registration are outlined. UP 9411. 11 AN 4772924. AU Jiann-Rong-Wu. Ming-Ouhyoung. IN Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Inf. Eng., Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan. TI Reducing the latency in head-mounted displays by a novel prediction method using Grey System theory. SO Computer Graphics Forum. vol.13, no.3. pp. C/503-12. 1994. RF 19 refs. CT 15th Annual Conference and Exhibition. EUROGRAPHICS'94. Oslo, Norway. 12-16 Sept. 1994. IS 0167-7055. CD CGFODY. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). CP UK. CC C6130B. C5540B. C6180. DE interactive-devices. real-time-systems. virtual-reality. ID head-mounted displays. novel prediction method. Grey System theory. head motion. 6D tracker. HMD. virtual reality applications. prediction method. Grey System Model. latency. image jittering. tracker prediction. PC486. SUN SparcStation10. SGI IndigoR4000. high performance computer image generator. computation complexity. real time requirement. AB We propose a novel prediction method for head motion using Grey System theory, where a 6D tracker is attached to a HMD on a users' head in virtual reality applications. The prediction method using the Grey System Model can greatly reduce latency by at least a half and can also reduce image jittering. A system latency below 100 ms or even 50 ms can be achieved, even though without prediction the latency is around 200 ms. Using 6 points in prediction with the Grey System Model is currently the best in tracker prediction as we tried from 2 points to 10 points. In order to measure the latency, we also propose a way to measure it in a HMD system precisely and conveniently. During the process, we implemented four different prototypes respectively on a PC486, a SUN SparcStation10, an SGI IndigoR4000, and a high performance computer image generator. The computation complexity of the prediction method is relatively low and therefore the real time requirement is easily met. UP 9411. 12 AN 4751855. AU Gray-H-F. IN Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA. TI Field emitter displays (FEDs) for cockpit applications. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2219. pp. 44-50. 1994. CT Cockpit Displays. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 7-8 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC APPLICATION (A). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1523 5/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7260. B7630. B7910. DE aircraft-instrumentation. cathode-ray-tube-displays. electron-field-emission. military-equipment. ID field emitter display. cockpit applications. color displays. viewing angle. spatial resolution. head-mounted displays. instrument panels. AB The field emitter display (FED) promises to be the best display for cockpit applications because it has all the characteristics of a color CRT, the advantages of existing flat-panel technologies, and should be extremely energy efficient. It will be capable of full color, have an extremely wide viewing angle, have high spatial resolution, and can be configured for head-mounted use as well as for instrument panels, radar, and computer monitors. Some researchers even predict wrap-around FEDs. UP 9410. 13 AN 4732658. AU Rate-C. Probert-A. Wright-D. Corwin-W-H. Royer-R. TI Subjective results of a simulator evaluation using synthetic terrain imagery presented on a helmet mounted display. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 306-15. 1994. RF 3 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7620. B7990. C7150. C7460. C7840. DE aerospace-instrumentation. aerospace-simulation. database-management-systems. display-devices. geographic-information-systems. military-computing. military-systems. ID simulator evaluation. synthetic terrain imagery. helmet mounted display. combat mission. adverse weather. U.S. Defense Mapping Agency. digital terrain elevation database. synthetic terrain image. helmet-mounted display. pilot terrain awareness. Lockheed pilots. USAF pilots. subjective preference. F-16. low level navigation. laser guided bomb loft. offset roll-in dive bomb attack. AB Combat mission scenarios require pilots to maneuver their aircraft over and around various terrain features at high speeds and low altitudes day, night, or in adverse meteorological conditions. The effects of adverse weather can be overcome using the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency's digital terrain elevation database to create a synthetic terrain image (STI). The concept of synthetically derived terrain imagery, projected as background on a helmet-mounted display, was investigated in regards to its utility for enhancing pilot terrain awareness. An initial study using four Lockheed pilots and six USAF pilots was conducted to determine subjective preference of STI formats. A follow-on study, using two preferred formats, evaluated STI in a full-mission simulation environment. Six F-16 pilots completed 21 half day of training and a one day evaluation. Data was collected on missions involving low level navigation, followed by a laser guided bomb loft or offset roll-in dive bomb attack. Thirteen missions per pilot were completed. The evaluation indicated that pilots found STI to be useful and offered "real time" support for low level navigation. UP 9409. 14 AN 4732657. AU Sharkey-T-J. IN Monterey Technol. Inc., Carmel, CA, USA. TI Demonstration of obstacle avoidance system (OASYS) symbology in full mission simulation. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 294-305. 1994. RF 11 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7620. B7910. B7990. B7210B. B6320C. B7950. C7460. C7410H. C7150. C5260B. C3360L. DE aerospace-computing. aerospace-instrumentation. aerospace-simulation. computer-vision. computerised-instrumentation. computerised-navigation. display-devices. military-computing. military-equipment. optical-radar. ID obstacle avoidance. full mission simulation. U.S. Army Aeroflightdynamics Directorate. multi-phase effort. symbology displaying information. Aviator's Night Vision System. head up display. static symbology. pilot-in-the-loop simulation. symbology-drive law. mission simulation. field-of-view condition. night vision goggle. laser radar. AB The U.S. Army Aeroflightdynamics Directorate's (AFDD) Crew Station Research and Development Branch (CSRDB) conducted a multi-phase effort to develop symbology displaying information from the Obstacle Avoidance System (OASYS) on the Aviator's Night Vision System (ANVIS) Head Up Display (HUD). The first phase of this program used static symbology displayed on a workstation to identify the types of information required from OASYS by the pilot. The second phase used a low-fidelity, pilot-in-the-loop simulation to evaluate fourteen different symbology-drive law combinations. Based on the results of phases 1 and 2 three candidate symbologies were selected, along with the baseline symbology developed by the OASYS contractor, for evaluation in full mission simulation. In addition, a full-daylight, full field-of-view condition and a Night Vision Goggle (NVG) condition, both without OASYS symbology, were used as control conditions. The environmental conditions and task requirements used in the simulation were selected to severely tax the symbology. Reliable differences in performance between symbology conditions were found. All OASYS symbologies improved performance relative to the NVG control condition. UP 9409. 15 AN 4732656. AU Marmolejo-J-A. IN Crew & Thermal Systems Div., NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA. TI Helmet mounted display and associated research activities recently conducted by the NASA/Johnson Space Center. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 281-91. 1994. RF 8 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC GENERAL OR REVIEW (R). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. DE aerospace-instrumentation. display-devices. ID helmet mounted display. research activities. NASA/Johnson Space Center. manned extravehicular activity. EVA. extravehicular mobility unit. portable life support backpack. NASA. HMD. feasibility development programs. design. development. binocular HMD breadboard. biocular HMD breadboard. optical elements. glass lenses. beamsplitters. holographic optics. voice recognition. hands-free access. Shuttle EMU display enhancements. AB To enhance manned extravehicular activity (EVA) utilizing an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) (i.e., a space suit and portable life support backpack), NASA has conducted research into implementing helmet mounted display (HMD) and related technology within its next generation of space suits. The NASA/Johnson Space Center has completed four feasibility development programs for the design and development of an EMU HMD, each resulting in the delivery of a binocular or biocular HMD breadboard unit utilizing conventional optical elements (i.e., glass lenses and beamsplitters) and/or holographic optics. Additional research into combining the use of voice recognition for astronaut "hands-free" access to information via the HMD has also been conducted. Research conducted since 1983 is summarized along with current Shuttle EMU display enhancements. In addition, recommendations for the design of the next generation of displays for use within the EMU will be presented. UP 9409. 16 AN 4732655. AU Garman-P-J. Trang-J-A. IN US Army Aviation Qualification Test Directorate, Edwards Air Force Base, CA, USA. TI "In your face] The pilot's/tester's perspective on HMD symbology". SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 274-80. 1994. RF 1 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC GENERAL OR REVIEW (R). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7620. DE aerospace-testing. aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. human-factors. ID HMD symbology. pilot workload. helmet mounted displays. symbology. flight/simulation. mission representative flight tasks. AB Several major issues relating to the development of helmet mounted displays (HMDs) and their symbology presentation are discussed. The main goal is to identify these issues in an effort to initiate and facilitate discussion in HMD symbology design. Major topics include the following: each piece of symbology must add some value to the display, providing essential information for a specific task in such a manner that reduces pilot workload; pilots must be cued in a clear, unambiguous manner to aircraft limitations and be automatically provided with the information necessary to execute appropriate procedures; habit transfer should not limit innovation in symbology design; symbology design should be driven by a detailed aircraft, system, and mission analysis, to include a thorough flight/simulation evaluation based upon mission representative flight tasks. UP 9409. 17 AN 4732654. AU Kotulak-J-C. Morse-S-E. McLean-W-E. IN US Army Aeromedical Res. Lab., Fort Rucker, AL, USA. TI Does display phosphor bandwidth affect the ability of the eye to focus?. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 97-104. 1994. RF 22 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). NI wavelength 5.5E-07 m. distance 5.0E-01 m. frequency 5.0E-01 Hz. distance 1.0E+00 m. RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC A8732C. B7260. B7500. DE display-devices. eye. focusing. phosphors. ID display phosphor bandwidth. focusing response. accommodation. eye response measurement. monochromatic light. degradation. narrowband polychromatic light. broadband control. optical distance. temporal frequency. spectral bandwidth. steady-state conditions. statistically significant trend. narrowband phosphors. helmet-mounted displays. dynamic conditions. IR optometer. 550 nm. 50 cm. 0.5 Hz. 1 m. AB The focusing response of the eye (accommodation) is degraded in monochromatic light for many subjects. To find out whether this degradation also occurs in narrowband polychromatic light, we measured the accommodation of nine young adult volunteer subjects across three bandwidths (10, 20, and 80 nm) and a broadband control (white light). The peak wavelength was 550 nm for each of the bandpass filtered stimuli, and the luminance of all targets was 10 cd/m/sup 2/. Accommodation was measured with a dynamic infrared optometer while the subjects viewed threshold-size, high-contrast letters under both dynamic and steady-state conditions. In the former, the optical distance of the target was varied sinusoidally from 0.0 to 2.0 diopters (optical infinity to 50 cm) at a temporal frequency of 0.5 Hz, while in the latter it was held constant at 1.0 diopter (1.0 m). The authors found that, under dynamic conditions, accommodative accuracy steadily improved in a statistically significant way with increases in spectral bandwidth. Under steady-state conditions, there was no statistically significant trend. These results suggest that accommodation might suffer from the use of narrowband phosphors in helmet-mounted displays under dynamic conditions, i.e. the observer might accommodate inaccurately to the display if frequent changes in focus to and from the display are required. UP 9409. 18 AN 4732653. AU DeVilbiss-C-A. Ercoline-W-R. Antonio-J-C. IN USAF Armstrong Lab., Brooks AFB, TX, USA. TI Visual performance with night vision goggles (NVGs) measured in USAF aircrew members. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 64-70. 1994. RF 3 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC A8732S. A8765. B7630. B7230G. B7500. DE aerospace-biophysics. aircraft-instrumentation. human-factors. image-intensifiers. performance-evaluation. training. visual-perception. ID night vision goggles. USAF aircrew members. visual performance. spatial orientation. goggle-adjustment. training. standard target. optimal goggle performance. preflight adjustment. reduced illumination. contrast levels. cockpit lighting. visual acuity measurement. AB Since vision is by far the most important sensory input for spatial orientation, it is important to obtain the best visual performance possible from any device. To determine whether current devices were being properly adjusted, visual performance data were obtained from USAF NVG aircrew members after they (1) adjusted the goggle using their usual method of adjustment, (2) used the NVG resolution chart to augment their usual method, and (3) used goggle-adjustment procedures learned in the training class. Results show that without a standard target or procedures, aircrew members were not able to obtain optimal goggle performance-the average visual performance was 20/53 for the 218 aviators in this study. For the 158 aviators who also used the standard target with their usual procedure, there was a significant improvement (average of 20/47). Finally, significantly better goggle performance (average of 20/37) was obtained when 48 aviators adjusted their goggles using procedures learned in the adjustment training class. While these data support the importance of preflight adjustment of NVGs, they represent visual performance under optimal, controlled conditions. It is important to remember that visual performance under actual flight conditions can be significantly impaired with reduced illumination, low contrast levels, improper cockpit lighting, and poor transmissivity of infrared energy through the transparencies. UP 9409. 19 AN 4727269. AU Long-J. Wickens-C. IN Aviation Res. Lab., Illinois Univ., Savoy, IL, USA. TI Conformal versus non-conformal symbology and the head-up display. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 361-9. 1994. RF 17 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7620. DE aerospace-simulation. aerospace-testing. aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. ID nonconformal symbology. head-up display. high-fidelity simulator. flight symbology. symbology format. trials. head-up location. far domain event. flight path control. cost. head-down location. head-up presentation. conformal symbology. visual flight references. response speed. AB Thirty-two pilot subjects flew instrument approaches in a visually high-fidelity simulator. Location of flight symbology was manipulated while controlling for optical distance and symbology format. Subjects were assigned to one of two symbology sets, conformal or non-conformal. Each subject flew half of the trials with the symbology presented in a head-up location and half with the symbology located head-down. An unexpected far domain event was presented on one trial per subject. The results revealed that, for flight path control, there was generally a cost associated with head-down location. The magnitude of this cost was relatively larger for conformal than for non-conformal symbology. Head-up presentation resulted in faster transition from instrument to visual flight references, but slower response to the far domain unexpected event. UP 9409. 20 AN 4727268. AU Coppenbarger-R-A. IN NASA Ames Res. Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA. TI Helmet-mounted display symbology for automated nap-of-the-earth rotorcraft flight. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 351-60. 1994. RF 9 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. C3360L. C7420. C7460. DE aerospace-computer-control. aircraft-control. aircraft-instrumentation. computerised-navigation. digital-simulation. display-devices. helicopters. ID helmet-mounted display symbology. automated nap-of-the-earth rotorcraft flight. reference point. sensor requirements. Pilot-Directed Guidance. pilot control. high-level velocity commands. inner-loop guidance. obstacle detection. avoidance maneuvering. inertially stabilized symbology. symbol functions. drive laws. NOE airspeeds. altitudes. fixed base simulation experiment. HMD symbology. pilot commentary. AB Helmet-mounted display (HMD) symbology for an automated Nap-of-the-Earth (NOE) guidance and control system is described. In the automated system, referred to as Pilot-Directed Guidance (PDG), pilot control inputs are interpreted as high-level velocity commands to an inner-loop guidance and control system that is responsible for obstacle detection and avoidance maneuvering. The success of the PDG concept has been shown to be highly dependent upon the intelligent use of inertially stabilized symbology to provide navigational information and velocity command feedback to the pilot. Individual symbol functions and drive laws are described along with the associated display difficulties encountered at NOE airspeeds and altitudes. The important findings of a fixed base simulation experiment, relating to the use of HMD symbology, are given along with pilot commentary and opinion. UP 9409. 21 AN 4727267. AU Doyle-A-J-R. IN Man Machine Integration, Defence Res. Agency, Farnborough, UK. TI The eye as a velocity transducer, an independent information channel?. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 339-50. 1994. RF 6 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7910. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. military-equipment. visual-perception. ID velocity transducer. recognition of static patterns. clutter. obscuration. screen projected instrument displays. vision. low level lob-bomb attack. acquisition. escape vector. standard RAF fast jet. head-up flight control display. velocity based display. peripheral display. NATO. flight information. AB Aircraft instrument presentations are based on the recognition of static patterns. Evidence is produced to show that the visual system can respond to velocity input alone and that when it does so this constitutes an independent channel of information which does not conflict with foveal processing and that this response extends out to the limits of the periphery of vision. The experimental work described tests the ability of this aspect of vision to reduce clutter and obscuration in screen projected instrument displays. Experienced aircrew subjects are required to carry out a simulated low level lob-bomb attack followed by the rapid acquisition of an escape vector while simultaneously tracking the target presented in a space stabilized view. There are four experimental conditions, the tracking task being common to all four. Two conditions use the standard RAF fast jet head-up flight control display and two use a velocity based display which is presented in the annulus between 20 and 40 degrees visual angle. This display does not require foveal attention so the central area can be left clear. Each display is tested in two conditions. In one the tasks are presented side by side forcing subjects to switch gaze between the two. In the other the two are combined. With the peripheral display the tracking task occupies the clear central area but with the NATO version it has to share this with the flight information. UP 9409. 22 AN 4727266. AU Geiselman-E-E. Osgood-R-K. IN Logicon Tech. Services Inc., Dayton, OH, USA. TI Utility of off-boresight helmet-mounted symbology during a high angle airborne target acquisition task. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 328-38. 1994. RF 10 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7910. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. military-equipment. ID off-boresight helmet-mounted symbology. high angle airborne target acquisition. high angle target search. simulated air-to-air engagement. head-up display. ownship status. target location. attitude symbology. pilot. airborne target. AB This experiment compares the utility of three off-boresight helmet-mounted display (HMD) symbology information levels for high angle target search and intercept during a simulated air-to-air engagement. The information levels included: head-up display (HLTD) presentation of both ownship status and target location, HUD status plus HMD target location, and HUD status plus HMD target location plus HMD ownship status. Four different attitude symbology elements were evaluated within ownship status level. The levels of the information condition variable evolved from the following questions: 1) Will HMD ownship status information help the pilot fly while searching for threats? 2) Will HMD target location information help the pilot find, intercept, and track an airborne target? 3) What is the effect of combining aircraft status and target location information within the HMD? 4) If ownship status information is helpful, are there symbology features which are more interpretable than others? The objective of this research was to determine if ownship status information within the helmet display symbology (KDS) set is necessary in an air-to-air application. The findings suggest that HDS will be advantageous, but task dependent. A strong subjective preference for including ownship status information within the HDS was found. UP 9409. 23 AN 4727265. AU Clarkson-G-J-N. IN Dept. of Flight Syst., Defence Res. Agency, Farnborough, UK. TI Symbology vision goggles for combat aircraft. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 316-26. 1994. RF 5 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7230G. B7260. B7910. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. image-intensifiers. military-equipment. ID symbology vision goggles. combat aircraft. fast-jet aircrew. head tracker. weapon aiming symbology. line-of-sight cueing. air to ground night operation. air to air night operation. auto-separation. flight trials. UK MOD Research Packages. LED. helmet modifications. AB Symbology Night Vision Goggles (SNVGs) which can be worn by fast-jet aircrew have been developed and tested. The goggles are designed to be linked with a head tracker system and provide weapon aiming symbology with line-of-sight cueing, significantly enhancing both air to air and air to ground night operations. The SNVGs are compatible with NVG auto-separation systems. Flight trials have been conducted with favourable results. This work was sponsored under UK MOD Research Packages. UP 9409. 24 AN 4727264. AU Marshall-B. IN United States Naval Acad., Annapolis, MD, USA. TI An apparatus for rapid prototyping and evaluation of wide field of view helmet-mounted display symbology. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 261-73. 1994. RF 19 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7620. C7460. C6110. DE aerospace-computing. aerospace-simulation. aerospace-testing. aircraft-instrumentation. CAD. display-devices. performance-evaluation. software-prototyping. ID rapid prototyping. wide field of view. helmet-mounted display symbology. symbolic display formats. alphanumeric display formats. FOV. airspeed parameters. rapidly reconfigurable flight simulator program. Virtual Applications Prototyping System. Silicon Graphics. objective measurement. pilot performance. flight simulation. altitude parameters. simulated airfield. helicopters. AB This paper documents an inexpensive apparatus intended for rapid prototyping and evaluation of alphanumeric and symbolic display formats. Emphasis is placed on symbology design for use in wide field of view (FOV) helmet-mounted displays (HMDs). The apparatus consists of a Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) computer with standard monitor and mouse, Virtual Applications Prototyping System (VAPS) software, a rapidly reconfigurable flight simulator program (FLSIM), and a Fresnel lens-based optical system affording an 85 degrees *70 degrees field of view. A preliminary experiment was conducted to verify the suitability of the apparatus for objective measurement of pilot performance during flight simulation. Five test participants attempted to maintain specified altitude and airspeed parameters while maneuvering an aircraft around a simulated airfield. Necessary flight information was presented via symbols located to the left and right of display centerline. Lateral separation between these symbols was varied; values of total angular separation ranged from 30 degrees to 70 degrees , in 10 degrees increments. Test results indicate that the apparatus is suitable for the purpose intended. UP 9409. 25 AN 4727263. AU Ercoline-W-R. DeVilbiss-C-A. Lyons-T-J. IN Krug Life Sciences, Brooks, AFB, TX, USA. TI Trends in USAF spatial disorientation accidents-1958-1992. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 257-60. 1994. RF 4 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B0160. B7260. B7990. B7910. DE accidents. aircraft. aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. military-systems. ID USAF spatial disorientation accidents. military aircraft accidents. aircraft accident folders. helmet-mounted display. AB In spite of advances in technology, spatial disorientation (SD) continues to be a contributing factor in a large proportion of military aircraft accidents. Data from published reports of SD, and aircraft accident folders over the past three and one-half decades, were analyzed. The rate of major aircraft accidents per 100000 flying hours decreased from 5.36 during the 14-year period of 1958-1971 to a rate of 2.22 during the 21-year period 1972-1992. During the same two time periods, however, the rate of SD-caused major aircraft accidents per 100000 flight hours remained approximately constant (0.32 and 0.35, respectively). Even though the average number of SD mishaps decreased from 23 per year in the 1958-1971 period to 12 per year in the 1972-1992 period, the percent of SD accidents increased from an average of 6% during 1958-1971 to an average of 16% in 1972-1992. SD accidents still represent a major drain on USAF resources; but the development of helmet-mounted display technology provides an opportunity to prevent SD in some of the more demanding operational environments. UP 9409. 26 AN 4727262. AU Rogers-S-P. Hamilton-D-B. IN Anacapa Sci. Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA. TI An intelligent system and a relational data base for codifying helmet-mounted display symbology design requirements. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 248-56. 1994. RF 2 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. C7460. C6160D. C7150. C6170. C6180G. DE aircraft-instrumentation. CAD. display-devices. graphical-user-interfaces. knowledge-based-systems. military-computing. military-systems. relational-databases. ID intelligent system. relational data base. helmet-mounted display. mission requirements. pilot-vehicle interface design. military systems. TAWL ORDIR. mission analysis. commonality analyses. symbology integration. ACIDTEST. AB To employ the most readily comprehensible presentation methods and symbology with helmet-mounted displays (HMDs), it is critical to identify the information elements needed to perform each pilot function and to analytically determine the attributes of these elements. The extensive analyses of mission requirements currently performed for pilot-vehicle interface design can be aided and improved by the new capabilities of intelligent systems and relational databases. An intelligent system, named ACIDTEST (1993), has been developed specifically for organizing and applying rules to identify the best display modalities, locations, and formats. The primary objectives of the ACIDTEST system are to provide rapid accessibility to pertinent display research data, to integrate guidelines from many disciplines and identify conflicts among these guidelines, to force a consistent display approach among the design team members, and to serve as an "audit trail" of design decisions and justifications. A powerful relational database called TAWL ORDIR (1994) has been developed to document information requirements and attributes for use by ACIDTEST as well as to greatly augment the applicability of mission analysis data. TAWL ORDIR can be used to rapidly reorganize mission analysis data components for study, perform commonality analyses for groups of tasks, determine the information content requirements for tailored display modes, and identify symbology integration opportunities. UP 9409. 27 AN 4727261. AU Storey-B-A. Osgood-R-K. Schueren-J-C. IN Storey Consulting, Fort Rocklin, CA, USA. TI Aircraft/mission requirements approach for helmet-mounted display decisions. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 238-47. 1994. RF 10 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7910. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. military-equipment. ID aircraft/mission requirements. helmet-mounted display. Armstrong Laboratory. mission requirements. USAF decisions. avionics. weapon systems. crew. sensors. AB This paper is based upon an effort in support of the Armstrong Laboratory, Helmet Mounted Sensory Technology Advanced Development Program (HMST ADP). That effort produced a report which provided the HMST ADP with information to make informed helmet system development decisions. These would be based upon not only crew, but aircraft and mission requirements. Specifically addressed were the following items: the background of helmet display (HD) research and USAF decisions, current aircraft capabilities that support HDs, HD types, aircraft and HD utility, integration with current and future avionics and weapon systems and some analytical conclusions. This work was to project the potential elements which make up those decisions, such as crew, weapons, sensors, aircraft and missions into four HD option descriptions as representative of the technology for examination. These four are discussed throughout this paper as: austere, semi-austere, helmet-mounted head-up display (HUD) and helmet-mounted display (HMD). UP 9409. 28 AN 4727260. AU Newman-R-L. Haworth-L-A. IN Crew Systems, San Marcos, TX, USA. TI Helmet-mounted display requirements: just another HUD or a different animal altogether?. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 226-37. 1994. RF 13 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC GENERAL OR REVIEW (R). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7910. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. military-equipment. ID helmet-mounted display. HUD. flight control. navigation. weapon. symbol standardization. excessive clutter. cockpit displays. symbol stabilization. symbol drive laws. field-of-view. resolution. military standard. virtual displays. AB The helmet-mounted display (HMD) presents flight, navigation, and weapon information in the pilot's line of sight. The HMD was developed to allow the pilot to retain aircraft and weapon information while looking off boresight. The present study reviewed the state-of-the-art in HMDs and identified a number of issues applying to HMDs. Several are identical to Head-Up Display (HUD) issues: symbol standardization, excessive clutter, and the need for integration with other cockpit displays and controls. Other issues are unique to head-mounted display: symbol stabilization, inadequate definitions, undefined symbol drive laws, helmet considerations, and field-of-view (FOV) vs. resolution tradeoff requirements. Symbol stabilization is critical and misleading symbology makes interpretation of the height of obstructions impossible. The underlying cause is the absence of design criteria for HMDs. The existing military standard does not reflect the current state of technology. In addition, there are inadequate test and evaluation guidelines. UP 9409. 29 AN 4727259. AU Bailey-R-E. IN Dept. of Flight Res., Calspan Adv. Technol. Center, Buffalo, NY, USA. TI HUD lessons-learned for HMD development. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 216-25. 1994. RF 13 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7620. C3360L. DE aerospace-testing. aircraft-control. aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. ID helmet-mounted displays. head-up displ. flight testing. AB Many parallels exist in the current development of helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) to what has transpired for the head-up display (HUD). This paper reviews HUD flight testing results for similarities to the symbology and display format requirements for HMDs. Analogies are drawn to HMD development from these lessons-learned. Design guidance and pilot-in-the-loop test and evaluation techniques are proposed. UP 9409. 30 AN 4727258. AU Wiley-L-L. Brown-R-W. IN Armstrong Lab., Wright Res. & Dev. Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA. TI MH-53J PAVE LOW helmet-mounted display flight test. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 207-14. 1994. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7620. B7950. B7230C. DE aerospace-testing. aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. helicopters. infrared-detectors. tracking-systems. ID MH-53J PAVE LOW helmet-mounted display. flight test. Air Force. operational feasibility test. helmet tracker. field-of-view. forward-looking infrared sensor. FLIR. coordination. integration. demonstration. evaluation. AB The mission of the Helmet-Mounted Systems Technology (HMST) Advanced Development Program Office (ADPO) is to demonstrate advanced helmet systems to the using community. Months, sometimes years, of coordination with engineers, logisticians, air framers, safety personnel, pilots, and others pass by before the first day of system integration into the aircraft can begin. One such integration and demonstration occurred during January and February 1993. With HMST acting as the integration engineer, the Air Force Special Mission Operational Test and Evaluation Center (SMOTEC) conducted an Operational Feasibility Test and Evaluation (OFT&E) of a Helmet-Mounted Tracker and Display (HMT/D) system on a MH-53J PAVE LOW. The addition of the helmet display, helmet tracker, and wider field-of-view of the forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor were only a few of the integration issues that had to be resolved prior to the first flight. This paper focuses on the coordination, integration, demonstration, and evaluation of the HMT/D in the PAVE LOW. UP 9409. 31 AN 4727257. AU Lahaszow-A-J. IN FTEG NAWC, NAS Patuxent River, MD, USA. TI Aviator's night vision imaging system ANVIS/HUD assessment and symbology rationale. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 196-206. 1994. RF 3 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7230G. B7910. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. image-intensifiers. military-systems. ID night vision imaging. ANVIS/HUD. symbology rationale. Naval Air Systems Command. Flight Test Engineering Group. Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division. KC-130 aircraft. Lighting Kit. head up display. Elbit. Israel. pitch ladders. radar altimeter. vertical velocity indicator. AB Naval Air Systems Command (AIR5117D) tasked the Flight Test Engineering Group (FTEG) of the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) to conduct a technical analysis of the "Blue" night vision device (NVD) Lighting Kit as installed on the KC-130 aircraft. As a part of this analysis FTEG was additionally tasked to provide a "quick look" evaluation of a manufacturer installed, ANVIS compatible, head up display (HUD). The HUD was provided by Elbit Corp. of Israel. UP 9409. 32 AN 4727256. AU Hindson-W-S. Njaka-C-E. Aiken-E-W. Barnhart-W-A. IN NASA Ames Res. Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA. TI RASCAL helmet mounted display flight research. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 185-95. 1994. RF 14 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC APPLICATION (A). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7230G. B7220. B7910. C3360L. C7420. C7460. C5260B. C7150. DE aerospace-computer-control. aircraft-control. aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. helicopters. image-processing-equipment. image-sensors. military-computing. military-systems. ID RASCAL helmet mounted display. US Army. NASA. automated Nap-of-the-Earth flight. video imaging sensors. real-time image processing. graphics supercomputer. field-of-view color helmet mounted display. fly-by-wire flight control. visionics. color HMD. midfield trajectory planning. near-field obstacle avoidance. AB The Rotorcraft Aircrew Systems Concepts Airborne Laboratory (RASCAL) is a UH-60A Black Hawk helicopter that is being modified by the US Army and NASA for flight systems research. One of the objectives of the research is to develop and integrate technologies for Automated Nap-of-the-Earth (ANOE) flight. The principal elements of this system include video imaging sensors, advanced real-time image processing capabilities, a graphics supercomputer, a wide field-of-view color helmet mounted display (HMD), and an advanced fly-by-wire flight control system. The development methodology and the current status of the ANOE Flight Program are summarized, a description of the visionics system is provided, and the plans for the initial applications of the color HMD are presented. UP 9409. 33 AN 4727255. AU Merryman-R-F-K. IN Armstrong Lab., Wright Res. & Dev. Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA. TI Vista Sabre II: integration of helmet-mounted tracker/display and high off-boresight missile seeker into F-15 aircraft. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 173-84. 1994. RF 1 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7910. B7950. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. military-equipment. missiles. tracking-systems. weapons. ID Vista Sabre II. helmet-mounted tracker/display. off-boresight missile seeker. F-15 aircraft. weapons. off-boresight angles. F-15C aircraft. air-to-air combat. Navy high off-boresight missile seeker. missile launch simulation. military systems. AB Future air battles will increasingly rely on aircraft capable of directing their advanced weapons with greater accuracy and at larger off-boresight angles. Analysis of current threats indicate that potential adversaries include this enhanced technology in their aircraft today. Helmet-mounted tracker/displays (HMT/D) provide a ready and capable response to that threat. These pilot-friendly systems allow the pilot to lock-on to targets and fire missiles at much greater angles than normally allowed in the head up display (HUD). Vista Sabre II is a Congressionally mandated special project to evaluate a helmet-mounted display in an operational environment. The program effort involves the installation of two helmet-mounted tracker/display systems on two operational F-15C aircraft for demonstrating the capabilities of this technology in air-to-air combat. The system will provide the pilot with weapon status, targeting information, and other important, time critical, information necessary for effective air-to-air engagements at any head orientation without having to look into the cockpit or through the head up display (HUD). Also integrated into the system is a Navy high off-boresight missile seeker (HOBS) with extended range capability to track targets at high angles off the aircraft's boresight. The helmet display and HOBS will help the pilot lock a missile faster and simulate the missile launch. During the period of demonstration flights, the system will be evaluated through all aspects of the close-in, visual air-to-air combat arena, as well as investigating the human factors issues unique to helmet-mounted systems. UP 9409. 34 AN 4727254. AU Swenson-H-N. Zelenka-R-E. Dearing-M-G. Hardy-G-H. Clark-R. Zirkler-A. Davis-T. Amatrudo-G. IN NASA Ames Res. Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA. TI Design and flight evaluation of visually-coupled symbology for integrated navigation and near-terrain flight guidance. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 161-72. 1994. RF 17 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). NI altitude 3.81E+01 to 9.1E+01 m. RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7620. B7950. B7910. B6330. C3360L. C7420. C7460. C7150. DE aerospace-computer-control. aerospace-testing. aircraft-control. aircraft-instrumentation. computerised-navigation. helicopters. military-equipment. radioaltimeters. radionavigation. ID flight evaluation. visually-coupled symbology. integrated navigation. near-terrain flight guidance. NASA. U.S. Army. near-terrain covert helicopter. low-altitude helicopter. pilot flexibility. multi-waypoint helicopter mission. rugged mountainous terrain. automation symbology. situational awareness. 300 to 125 feet. AB NASA and the U.S. Army have designed, developed and flight evaluated a Computer Aiding for Low-Altitude Helicopter Flight (CALAHF) guidance system. This system provides guidance to the pilot for near-terrain covert helicopter operations. The system automates the processing of precision navigation information, helicopter mission requirements and terrain flight guidance. This automation is presented to the pilot through symbology on a helmet mounted display. The symbology is a "pilot-centered" design which preserves pilot flexibility and authority over the CALAHF system's automation. An extensive flight evaluation of the system has been conducted using the U.S. Army's NLTH-60 STAR (Systems Testbed for Avionics Research) research helicopter. The evaluations were flown over a multi-waypoint helicopter mission in rugged mountainous terrain. The system was evaluated at terrain clearance altitudes from 300 to 125 feet, and airspeeds from 40 to 110 knots. The results of these evaluations showed that the pilots could precisely follow the automation symbology while maintaining a high degree of situational awareness. UP 9409. 35 AN 4727253. AU Boehmer-S-C. IN Wright Res. & Dev. Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA. TI X-31 helmet mounted visual and audio display (HMVAD) system. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 150-60. 1994. RF 7 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B6450. B7910. DE aerospace-testing. aircraft-instrumentation. audio-equipment. display-devices. military-equipment. ID X-31 helmet mounted display. audio display. military systems. F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle. F-16 Multi-Axis Thrust Vector. 3D audio. flight test. audio cueing. visual cueing. aircrew aiding. situational awareness. pilot performance. tactical flying. visual symbology. subjective evaluation. simulation. aural symbology. AB Agile aircraft (X-29, X-31, F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle, & F-16 Multi-Axis Thrust Vector) test pilots, while flying at high angles of attack, experience difficulty predicting their flight path trajectory. To compensate for the loss of this critical element of situational awareness, the X-31 International Test Organization (ITO) installed and evaluated a helmet mounted display (HMD) system into an X-31 aircraft and simulator. Also investigated for incorporation within the HMD system and flight evaluation was another candidate technology for improving situational awareness-three dimensional (3D) audio. This was the first flight test evaluating the coupling of visual and audio cueing, for aircrew aiding. The focus of the endeavor, which implemented two visual and audio formats, was to examine the extent visual and audio orientation cueing enhanced situational awareness and improved pilot performance during tactical flying. This paper provides an overview of the X-31 HMVAD system, describes the visual and audio symbology, presents a summary of the pilots' subjective evaluation of the system following its use in simulation and flight test, and outlines the future plans for the X-31 HMVAD system. UP 9409. 36 AN 4727252. AU Cameron-A-A. Steward-D-G. IN GEC-Marconi Avionics, Rochester, UK. TI The Viper HMD-from design concept to flight test. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 137-48. 1994. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7910. B7620. DE aerospace-testing. aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. military-equipment. ID Viper HMD. flight test. helmet mounted displays. military airborne applications. military aircraft cockpit. display projection. GEC-Marconi Avionics. AB Helmet mounted displays have a significant role to play in a number of military airborne applications. Many concepts have been built and tested over the past 20 years, but very few have been adopted for extensive use in the demanding environment found in typical military aircraft cockpits. Of the many types of display configurations tried, display projection off the visor is, from the user's point of view, the preferred method of presentation and several development products of this type are now available. GEC-Marconi Avionics "VIPER" is an approach to this particular helmet mounted display configuration, and was conceived with the objective of using well proven techniques, technologies and where possible standard flight equipment. This paper discusses the design approach, trade offs and initial night trials experience with the Viper Helmet Mounted Display. UP 9409. 37 AN 4727251. AU Minor-A. Almazan-S. Suaste-E. IN Dept. of Electr. Eng., CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico. TI Optoelectronic assistance for the disabled. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 133-6. 1994. RF 4 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7520H. B7230C. C7850. C6180. DE handicapped-aids. infrared-detectors. microcomputer-applications. user-interfaces. ID optoelectronic assistance. disabled. handicapped people. head gesture movements. IR spotlight. optocoupled detectors. PC. serial port. man-machine interaction. AB We show an optoelectronic implementation assistance that will be used by handicapped people. The system works with the head gesture movements of the user. These movements are vectorized with an IR spotlight that is detected by four optocoupled detectors. The information is interpreted and sent to the PC by a serial port. The results show that this implementation could be used as a powerful tool for man-machine interaction. UP 9409. 38 AN 4727250. AU Gilboa-P. IN Elbit, Adv. Technol. Center, Haifa, Israel. TI Accuracy evaluation of HMD electromagnetic tracker. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 126-32. 1994. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). THEORETICAL OR MATHEMATICAL (T). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7260. B7630. B5180W. B6320. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. electromagnetic-devices. error-correction. tracking-systems. ID HMD electromagnetic tracker. electromagnetic tracking. reference coordinates. rotation operators. reference frame. system errors. system boresighting. EM field deviation mapping. accuracy testing. error correction. mapped field deviation. helmet mounted display. AB An electromagnetic tracking system is evaluated as a series of reference coordinates systems, where rotation operators transform one reference frame to the next. System errors are identified. Methods for system boresighting, EM field deviation mapping and accuracy testing are presented. Error correction of the mapped field deviation is discussed. UP 9409. 39 AN 4727249. AU Viveash-J-P. Belyavin-A-J. Bigmore-D-J. Clarkson-G-J. McCarthy-G-W. Rumbold-D-A. Stott-J-R-R. IN Inst. of Aviation Med., R. Air Force, Farnborough, UK. TI Determination of eye position in fast jet flight. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 120-5. 1994. RF 13 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7620. B7630. B7260. B7990. B7320C. DE aerospace-testing. aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. eye. human-factors. military-systems. position-measurement. tracking-systems. ID eye position measurement. jet flight. pilot's attention. tactical flight. cockpit displays. head position. electromagnetic coil. ejection safety. fast jet cockpit. feasibility study. electro-oculogram. EOG amplifiers. airborne use. flight trials. Jaguar combat aircraft. head tracking. data handling. calibration. AB The way in which a pilot's attention is distributed between various operational tasks during tactical flight is of prime importance when designing new cockpit displays. The point of regard, and by inference, the pilot's focus of attention, can be determined by measuring head and eye position. The measurement of head position using an electromagnetic coil technique is well proven in flight. However, most techniques currently available for determining eye position are too bulky and complex, compromise ejection safety and cannot, as yet, be used in the fast jet cockpit. This paper reports a feasibility study into the use of the electro-oculogram (EOG) to determine eye position during flight in a fast jet aircraft. EOG amplifiers have been designed for airborne use and three flight trials have been conducted in a Jaguar combat aircraft. UP 9409. 40 AN 4727248. AU Faklis-D. Hoppe-M-J. IN Rochester Photonics Corp., NY, USA. TI Effects of diffraction efficiency on the performance of diffractive relay optics. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 115-19. 1994. RF 6 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC APPLICATION (A). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC A4278F. A4285. A4280. A4230L. B7260. B4190. DE display-devices. light-diffraction. optical-elements. optical-systems. optical-transfer-function. optical-workshop-techniques. ID diffraction efficiency. diffractive relay optics. head-mounted displays. reduced weight. optical performance. optical technologies. diffractive optical elements. lightweight color HMD. single-point diamond turning. laser pattern generation. efficiency. diffraction orders. MTF. hybrid diffractive/refractive relay lens. AB The requirements for head-mounted displays (HMD's) continue to become more demanding. Increased light throughput, reduced weight and higher optical performance mandates the use of new optical technologies. Diffractive optical elements can provide the optical designer additional degrees of freedom to develop more sophisticated lightweight color HMD systems. A method of design is discussed along with several manufacturing methods for producing diffractive elements including single-point diamond turning and laser pattern generation. Due to the unique characteristics of diffractive elements regarding efficiency and diffraction orders, it is vitally important to properly characterize and test these systems. The efficiency of a diffractive element can have a profound impact on the performance of the optical system; therefore, it is necessary to accurately measure the diffraction efficiency and correctly interpret the impact on the MTF. An example of a hybrid diffractive/refractive relay lens is presented to demonstrate the relationship between the MTF and diffraction efficiency. UP 9409. 41 AN 4727247. AU Verona-R-W. Beasley-H-H. Martin-J-S. Klymenko-V. Rash-C-E. IN UES Inc., Fort Rucker, AL, USA. TI Dynamic sine wave response measurements of CRT displays using sinusoidal counterphase modulation. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 105-14. 1994. RF 6 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7260. B7210B. B0170E. DE automatic-testing. cathode-ray-tube-displays. electronic-equipment-testing. image-processing-equipment. optical-testing. optical-transfer-function. ID dynamic sine wave response measurements. CRT displays. sinusoidal counterphase modulation. cathode ray tube displays. static image quality. figures-of-merit. spatial information. dynamic environment. counterphase modulation technique. performance data. AB The current practice of basing the performance of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays solely on static image quality figures-of-merit fails to provide a valid assessment of a display's ability to reproduce real-world scenes where there is relative motion within the scene or between the sensor and scene. Techniques which provide assessment of a display's capability to reproduce spatial information in a dynamic environment are needed. One technique based on response to sinusoidal counterphase modulation is presented. UP 9409. 42 AN 4727246. AU Klymenko-V. Verona-R-W. Beasley-H-H. Martin-J-S. IN UES Inc., US Army Aeromedical Res. Lab., Fort Rucker, AL, USA. TI Convergent and divergent viewing affect luning, visual thresholds and field-of-view fragmentation in partial binocular overlap helmet mounted displays. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 82-96. 1994. RF 33 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC A8732S. B7260. B7500. DE display-devices. visual-perception. ID divergent viewing. convergent viewing. luning. visual thresholds. field-of-view fragmentation. helmet mounted displays. field-of-view. full overlap display mode. partial binocular overlap displays. perceptual effect. subjective darkening. monocular regions. fragmentation. target identification. binocular vision. visual perception. AB Because of limitations in the size of the field-of-view (FOV) available in helmet mounted displays (HMD) using the full overlap display mode, where the entire FOV is binocular, partial binocular overlap displays, which can be convergent or divergent, have been proposed. One consequence of this is a perceptual effect known as luning, which is a subjective darkening in the monocular regions of the FOV, which can in some cases cause fragmentation of the FOV into three regions. A concern is the possible effect on target identification in the monocular regions, particularly in areas affected by luning. We review data we have collected in our binocular vision lab on the effect of display mode on these aspects of visual perception. UP 9409. 43 AN 4727245. AU Donohue-Perry-M-M. Task-H-L. Dixon-S-A. IN Armstrong Lab., Wright Res. & Dev. Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA. TI Visual acuity vs. field of view and light level for night vision goggles (NVGs). SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 71-81. 1994. RF 7 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC A8732S. A4230L. A4280Q. A8765. B7630. B7230G. DE aircraft-instrumentation. image-intensifiers. optical-transfer-function. visual-perception. ID field of view. light level. night vision goggles. visual acuity. resolution. US Air Force. modulation transfer function. MTF. image intensifier tube. contrast threshold function. ambient scene illumination level. geometric model. inverse relationship. equivalent Snellen acuity. angular spatial frequency. design trade-off. image intensifier tubes. AB Visual acuity (resolution) and field of view are two significant parameters used to characterize night vision goggles (NVGs). Most users of NVGs surveyed within the US Air Force put these two parameters at the head of the list of characteristics that they would like to see improved. Unfortunately, it is well established that these two parameters are coupled together in an inverse relationship: an increase in field of view results in a reduction in visual acuity and vice versa. However, there are at least two ways to model the relationship between these two parameters: one based simply on geometric considerations and one based on the concept of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the image intensifier tube and the contrast threshold function of the human visual system. To investigate these relationships, an experiment was conducted to determine how visual acuity through night vision goggles (NVGs) changes as a function of NVG field of view and ambient scene illumination level. A total of three trained observers were used for this study who ranged in age from 33 to 42 years of age. The NVGs used in the study had fields of view of 40, 47, and 52 degrees, respectively. The method of adjustment was employed by having the trained observer start at a distance of 30 feet and determine the highest spatial frequency target which was clearly discernable. The subject was then directed to walk back slowly from the target until it was just out of focus, and then walk forward until the target was barely discernable. The distance from the target was recorded and used to calculate the angular spatial frequency (and equivalent Snellen acuity). The results indicate that the simple geometric model of the inverse relationship between resolution and field of view are adequate for characterizing this design trade-off for the quality of image intensifier tubes currently available. UP 9409. 44 AN 4727244. AU Balzarotti-G. Fiori-L. Malfagia-R. IN FIAR SpA, Milan, Italy. TI Presentation of IR pictures on helmet mounted displays. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 51-62. 1994. RF 5 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC APPLICATION (A). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B7230C. B0160. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. human-factors. image-processing-equipment. infrared-detectors. military-equipment. navigation. safety. ID IR pictures. helmet mounted displays. head tracking systems. line of sight. electrooptical vision sensors. helmet visors. steerable infrared sensor. steerable IR sensor. navigation aid. fighter. human engineering. dynamic overlay. static overlay. misalignment. finite angular excursion. gimbals limits. fusion of information. contrast control. safety. LLTV. AB The head tracking systems for helmet mounted displays (HIMD) have actually achieved a high degree of accuracy, thus allowing the precise control of the line of sight (LOS) of electrooptical vision sensors. Therefore, the possibility to fly day and night having on the helmet visors the pictures generated by a steerable infrared (IR) sensor slaved to the pilot's head becomes realistic. The paper describes the results of a technical analysis performed on a system based on a steerable IR sensor integrated with an advanced HMD for navigation aid purpose in a modern fighter. Integration aspects and human engineering factors are also widely analysed. This paper considers the parameters which lead to an imperfect static or dynamic overlay of the generated IR picture with the external world, as seen by the pilot through the helmet visors, and the effects of such misalignment. The finite angular excursion of the IR sensor LOS, due to the gimbals limits, has been taken into account, and the necessary transitions to and from the LLTVs integrated within the helmet, suitable to cover all possible head motions, have been investigated. An approach for the fusion of information generated by the LLTVs and the IR sensor is also reported. The limits and constraints of navigation using steerable IR sensors are also highlighted with respect to safety aspects. UP 9409. 45 AN 4727243. AU Veron-H. Hezel-P-J. Southard-D-A. IN Mitre Corp., Bedford, MA, USA. TI Head mounted displays for virtual reality. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 41-50. 1994. RF 15 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7260. C5540. C6180G. C6130B. DE display-devices. graphical-user-interfaces. virtual-reality. visual-perception. ID head mounted displays. virtual reality. virtual environments. user's experience. resolution. field of view. physical attributes. immersive virtual environment. graphics rendering techniques. input/output devices. AB Head mounted displays (HMD) provide one means of displaying virtual environments. This paper assesses the state of HMD technology, with respect to the Virtual Reality (VR) goal of creating an environment which matches user's experience with the real world. We find that current HMDs fall short in important characteristics, such as resolution, field of view, and physical attributes. A system designer, familiar with these limitations, should be able to provide a suitable immersive virtual environment with the inclusion of appropriate graphics rendering techniques and virtual environment input/output devices. UP 9409. 46 AN 4727242. AU Cox-J-A. Fritz-T-A. Werner-T. IN Honeywell Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA. TI Application and demonstration of diffractive optics for head-mounted displays. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 32-40. 1994. RF 4 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7260. B4190. DE aberrations. display-devices. light-diffraction. optical-elements. ID diffractive optics. head-mounted displays. HMD. weight reduction. diffractive element. chromatic aberrations. full-color HMD. image quality. aberrations. AB We present an overview of diffractive optics technology and the advantages this technology offers when applied to head-mounted displays (HMD). We show especially the impact on weight reduction when diffractive elements are used to correct chromatic aberrations in full-color HMDs. We discuss the effect of higher diffractive orders on image quality and show how to model these effects. Finally, we present the results of a demonstration of a diffractive element in a conventional monochromatic HMD, compare the performance of the hybrid and conventional systems, and demonstrate the validity of our model. UP 9409. 47 AN 4727241. AU Khormaei-R. Thayer-S. Ping-K. King-C. Dolny-G. Ipri-A. Hsueh-F-L. Furst-D. Stewart-R. Keyser-T. Becker-G. Kagey-D. Spitzer-M. Batty-M. IN Planar Syst. Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA. TI High resolution AC thin film electroluminescence using active matrix on Si substrate. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 25-31. 1994. RF 5 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC APPLICATION (A). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). SM Si/sur Si/el. NI picture size 1.28E+02 pixel. picture size 1.6384E+04 pixel. size 2.4E-05 m. RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7260. B4260. DE electroluminescent-displays. elemental-semiconductors. integrated-circuit-technology. silicon. substrates. thin-film-devices. ID AC thin film electroluminescence. Si substrate. active matrix electroluminescent devices. thin-film single crystal Si. insulator wafers. fill factor. AMEL. head-mounted displays. 128 pixel. 16384 pixel. 24 mum. Si. AB Active matrix electroluminescent devices are fabricated using circuitry built on the thin-film single crystal silicon on insulator wafers. A 128*128 matrix with 24 mu m pixel pitch (1000 lines/inch) is fabricated with higher than 80% fill factor showing initial brightness of above 500 fL and high contrast ratios (>100:1). These devices demonstrated the successful combination of active circuitry fabricated using conventional IC processing with standard EL processing. This AMEL approach provides the potential for head-mounted displays with a very small profile and high efficiency. UP 9409. 48 AN 4727240. AU Worboys-M-R. Day-S-C-M. Foster-S-J. Radcliffe-S. Mitchell-K. Vass-D-G. Underwood-I. IN GEC-Marconi Res. Centre, Chelmsford, UK. TI Miniature display technologies for helmet and head mounted displays. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 17-24. 1994. RF 9 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). SM Si/int Si/el. RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7260. B4260D. B4260. B4150D. B2570D. DE CMOS-integrated-circuits. display-devices. electroluminescent-displays. elemental-semiconductors. ferroelectric-devices. light-emitting-diodes. liquid-crystal-displays. silicon. ID miniature display technologies. head mounted displays. helmet mounted displays. task-specific information. LED. GEC-Marconi. light emitting diodes. DC thin film electroluminescent displays. ferroelectric liquid crystal. CMOS. Si. AB There is a growing requirement for helmet or head mounted display systems that can deliver task-specific information direct to the user on a personal basis. The complexity of this information (and consequently that of the display) can range from simple status indicators through to high quality video. In this paper we review three miniature display technologies which have been, or are being developed by GEC-Marconi for helmet or head mounted applications. These are light emitting diodes (LEDs), DC thin film electroluminescent displays and ferroelectric liquid crystal over CMOS silicon. The current development status of each of these technologies is reviewed and some of the factors governing the choice of a particular technology discussed. UP 9409. 49 AN 4727239. AU Nelson-S-A. IN Honeywell Inc., Bloomington, MN, USA. TI CVC HMD-next generation high-resolution head-mounted display. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 7-16. 1994. RF 3 refs. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC APPLICATION (A). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7260. B4150D. B4260. B7910. DE electroluminescent-displays. flat-panel-displays. liquid-crystal-displays. military-equipment. ID ARPA. US Army Natick Research. flat panel HMD. M1 A2 Abrams main battle tank. combat vehicle crew head-mounted display. battle tank. active matrix electroluminescent display. active matrix liquid crystal displays. projection applications. Honeywell. flat panel image sources. digital display driver. digital interconnect electronics. size. weight. power. cost. commercial applications. mechanical design. electronic design. optical design. AB The Combat Vehicle Crew Head-Mounted Display (CVC HMD) program is an ARPA-funded, US Army Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center monitored effort to develop a high resolution, flat panel HMD for the M1 A2 Abrams main battle tank. CVC HMD is part of the ARPA High Definition Systems (HDS) thrust to develop and integrate small (24 mu m square pels), high resolution (1280*1024*6-bit grey scale @ 60 frame/sec) active matrix electroluminescent (AMEL) and active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) for head mounted and projection applications. The Honeywell designed CVC HMD is a next generation head-mounted display system that includes advanced flat panel image sources, advanced digital display driver electronics, high speed (>1 Gbps) digital interconnect electronics, and light weight, high performance optical and mechanical designs. The resulting dramatic improvements in size, weight, power, and cost have already led to program spin offs for both military and commercial applications. UP 9409. 50 AN 4727238. AU Post-D-L. IN Armstrong Lab., Wright Res. & Dev. Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA. TI Miniature color display for airborne HMDs. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. pp. 2-6. 1994. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 8194 1522 7/94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B7630. B7260. B4150D. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. liquid-crystal-displays. ID miniature color display. airborne HMD. helmet-mounted applications. subtractive-color mode. full-color pixels. display luminance. contrast. helmet-mounted display optics. AMLCD. active matrix LCD. AB A new miniature color display technology has been developed for airborne helmet-mounted applications. A stack containing three AMLCDs, operating in a subtractive-color mode, is used to obtain 400*300 full-color pixels in a 3.3*2.5-cm (1.3*1.0-inch) active area, yielding a resolution of 118 pixels/cm (300 pixels/inch). Display luminance and contrast are sufficient to produce a 2:1 contrast ratio under worst-case airborne viewing conditions, using typical helmet-mounted display optics. Considerations that led to the selection of this technology for development, results, and future plans are discussed. UP 9409. 51 AN 4722089. TI Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.2218. 1994. CT Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements. Orlando, FL, USA. SPIE. 5-7 April 1994. IS 0277-786X. CD PSISDG. LG eng. YR 1994. PT conference-proceeding (C). RN CCCC: 94/$6.00. CP USA. CC B0100. B7630. B7260. DE aircraft-instrumentation. display-devices. human-factors. ID head mounted displays. human factors. testing. flight evaluation. display symbology. system integration. design. helmet mounted information displays. AB The following topics were dealt with: head mounted displays; human factors; testing; flight evaluation; display symbology; system integration; design and helmet mounted information displays. UP 9408. 52 AN 4720508. AU Shaw-C. Jiandong-Liang. Green-M. Yunqi-Sun. Edited by: Bauersbeld-P. Bennet-J. Lynch-G. IN Dept. of Comput. Sci., Alberta Univ., Edmonton, Alta., Canada. TI The decoupled simulation model for virtual reality systems. SO Published by: ACM Press. New York, NY, USA. 1992. RF 9 refs. CT CHI '92 Conference Proceedings. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Striking a Balance. Monterey, CA, USA. pp. 321-8. IEEE. ACM. 3-7 May 1992. IB 0897915135. LG eng. YR 1992. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 0 89791 513 5/92/0005-0321$1.50. CP USA. CC C6130B. C6180. C6115. DE user-interface-management-systems. user-interfaces. virtual-reality. ID decoupled simulation model. virtual reality systems. user interface style. toolkit. MR. distributed computing. head-mounted displays. room geometry. performance monitoring. hand input devices. sound feedback. 3D graphics. AB The virtual reality user interface style allows the user to manipulate virtual objects in a 3D environment using 3D input devices. This style is best suited to application areas where traditional two dimensional styles fall short, but the current programming effort required to produce a VR application is somewhat large. We have built a toolkit called MR, which facilities the development of VR applications. The toolkit provides support for distributed computing, head-mounted displays, room geometry, performance monitoring, hand input devices, and sound feedback. The architecture of the toolkit is outlined, the programmer's view is described, and two simple applications are described. UP 9408. 53 AN 4677446. AU Hezel-P-J. Veron-H. Edited by: Schoen-J. IN Mitre Corp., Bedford, MA, USA. TI Head mounted displays for virtual reality. SO Published by: SCS. San Diego, CA, USA. 1993. RF 12 refs. CT Proceedings of the 1993 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. Twenty-Fifth Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference. Boston, MA, USA. pp. 249-53. Soc. Comput. Simulation. 19-21 July 1993. LG eng. YR 1993. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC GENERAL OR REVIEW (R). PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). CP USA. CC C5540B. C6130B. C6180. DE computer-graphic-equipment. display-devices. interactive-devices. rendering-computer-graphics. virtual-reality. ID virtual reality. head mounted displays. HMD technology. resolution. field of view. physical attributes. immersive virtual environment. input/output devices. graphics rendering techniques. AB Head mounted displays (HMD) provide one means of displaying virtual environments. The paper assesses the state of HMD technology, with respect to the virtual reality (VR) goal of creating an environment which matches user's experience with the real world. We find that current HMDs fall short in important characteristics, such as resolution, field of view, and physical attributes. A systems designer, familiar with these limitations, should be able to provide a suitable immersive virtual environment with the inclusion of appropriate virtual environment input/output devices and graphics rendering techniques. UP 9406. 54 AN 4670208. AU Siwoff-R. IN Siworff Res. Corp., Bridgewater, NJ, USA. TI DEI: Digitally Enhanced Imager. SO Virtual Reality World. vol.2, no.3. pp. 63-5. May-June 1994. IS 1060-9547. CD VRWOEW. LG eng. YR 1994. PT journal-article (J). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 1060-9547/94/$15+0. CP USA. CC C7850. C6130B. C6180. C5540B. C5260B. C5530. DE handicapped-aids. image-processing. image-processing-equipment. interactive-devices. virtual-reality. ID DEI. Digitally Enhanced Imager. electronic vision aid. virtual reality technologies. head-mounted displays. image processing techniques. virtual world. visually impaired person. video camera. real-time video processor. video projection system. spectacle eyeglasses. bifocal. enhanced image. virtual display. mathematical model. digital image processing. indiscernible details. AB A new electronic vision aid that utilizes virtual reality technologies and that offers a new method of enhancing images has been developed at Siwoff Research Corporation. The Digitally Enhanced Imager (DEI) utilizes head-mounted displays and image processing techniques from virtual real to the point of discernibility. The DEI has the power to make a virtual world-meaning that the image of the real world can be purposefully distorted to make it appear clearer to a person who is visually impaired. The DEI consists of a tiny video camera, a real-time video processor worn on a belt around the waist, and a video projection system mounted in spectacle eyeglasses worn by the individual. A camera is mounted in the bridge of the spectacle frame and sends output to the processor, which is capable of managing 63 million bits of information every second. The spectacle projection system, which is much like a bifocal, presents the enhanced image floating in space as a virtual display in front of the user's eyes. The virtual display is created by sending a mathematical model of an individual's vision to the processor, which then determines what information needs to be added in order for images to look clearer for that specific individual. The necessary information is added via the DEI in real time. With this digital image processing capability, faint and virtually indiscernible details can be enhanced and thus made visible. UP 9406. 55 AN 4670203. AU Brill-L-M. TI Metaphors for the traveling cybernaut. II. SO Virtual Reality World. vol.2, no.3. pp. 30-3. May-June 1994. IS 1060-9547. CD VRWOEW. LG eng. YR 1994. PT journal-article (J). TC GENERAL OR REVIEW (R). RN CCCC: 1060-9547/94/$15+0. CP USA. CC C6180G. C5540B. DE computer-games. interactive-devices. virtual-reality. ID metaphors. cybernauts. virtual reality. head-mounted display. visor experiences. virtual world experiences. technical platforms. virtual gateways. participatory experiences. stage world. interface technology. immersive game-playing experiences. cab. cockpit. chamber world. desktop world. head-coupled display. mirror world. Waldo world. telepresence. AB As people become more involved with virtual reality, there is a general assumption that its activities are represented only by participation through a head-mounted display or visor experiences. Nothing could be further from the truth. Nowhere in the definition of virtual reality does it say anything about head-mounted displays as a critical component of the virtual reality experience. In defining access to virtual world experiences, computer scientists have divined any number of technical platforms that functionally allow participants to enter into a virtual experience. To fully appreciate the diversity of virtual gateways, a taxonomy of equipment and participatory experiences has been created to introduce potential cybernauts to the breadth and width of VR immersive opportunities. Similarly, the diversity of immersive approaches also reflects the design of VR interface technology in creating several types of immersive game-playing experiences. The author describes the following platforms: stage world (head-mounted display, cab/cockpit, chamber world); desktop world (desktop VR, head-coupled display); and mirror world (Waldo world/telepresence). UP 9406. 56 AN 4656423. AU Liu-A. Tharp-G. French-L. Lai-S. Stark-L. IN Bioeng. Graduate Group & Telerobotics Unit, California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA. TI Some of what one needs to know about using head-mounted displays to improve teleoperator performance. SO IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation. vol.9, no.5. pp. 638-48. Oct. 1993. RF 34 refs. IS 1042-296X. CD IRAUEZ. LG eng. YR 1993. PT journal-article (J). TC THEORETICAL OR MATHEMATICAL (T). EXPERIMENTAL (X). RN CCCC: 1042-296X/93/$03.00. CP USA. CC C1270. C3250. DE delays. display-instrumentation. feedback. human-factors. man-machine-systems. telecontrol. telecontrol-equipment. ID head-mounted displays. teleoperator system display. operator performance. display update rate. communication delays. 3D tracking. manipulation tasks. predictive feedback display. head movement tracking loop. AB It is noted that a head-mounted display (HMD) system would be a useful teleoperator system display if it increased operator performance of the desired task but could degrade performance because of display update rate limitations and communication delays. 3-D tracking and pick-and-place tasks are simulated to characterize performance levels for a range of update rates and delays. How performance changes as the display is altered to maintain the update rate is also examined. The results of the update experiments indicate that performance levels degrade only slightly until the update rate is below 1 or 2 Hz. Attempts to maintain update rate by eliminating display features such as stereo and occlusion cues show that the presence of either cue alone is sufficient to maintain performance levels in the simple, short-term tasks considered. Delays also degrade performance in both manipulation tasks considered. These HMD performance problems are not lessened by the presentation of a predictive feedback display. Instead, the delay in the head movement tracking loop must be eliminated. UP 9405. 57 AN 4618823. AU Williford-J-S. Hodges-L-F. North-M-M. North-S-M. IN Dept. of Psychiatry & Neurology, Eisenhower Army Med. Center, Fort Gordon, GA, USA. TI Relative effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization and imaginal desensitization in the treatment of acrophobia. SO Published by: Canadian Inf. Process. Soc. Toronto, Ont., Canada. 1993. CT Proceedings Graphics Interface '93. Toronto, Ont., Canada. pp. 162. Canadian Human-Comput. Common. Soc. 19-21 May 1993. IB 0969533829. LG eng. YR 1993. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). CP Canada. CC C7330. C6130B. C7810. DE medical-computing. patient-treatment. psychology. virtual-reality. ID virtual environment desensitization. imaginal desensitization. acrophobia. large metropolitan city. self-directed maintenance. in vivo SD. stereoscopic head-mounted displays. head-tracking. patient confidentiality. AB A person with acrophobia experiences substantial difficulty, especially within a large metropolitan city. Imaginal and in vivo systematic desensitization (SD) have been effective in the treatment of acrophobia. Current computer and display technology allows the creation of virtual environments (VEs) that can provide and important intermediate step between imaginal system desensitization (ISD) and self-directed maintenance in vivo SD. As in vivo SD provides stimuli for the patient who cannot imagine well, VEs based on stereoscopic head-mounted displays with head-tracking produce visual and auditory stimuli. Unlike the in vivo technique VEs allow therapist-assisted SD within the confines of a clinician's office, thus avoiding public embarrassment and violation of patient confidentiality. Also, VEs can generate apparent heights of much greater magnitude than standard in vivo techniques, producing greater desensitization. This study assesses the relative effectiveness of VESD and ISD in the treatment of acrophobia. The preliminary results of the pilot case studies so far are very encouraging. UP 9403. 58 AN 4551298. AU Shaw-C. Green-M. Jiandong-Liang. Yunqi-Sun. IN Dept. of Comput. Sci., Alberta Univ., Edmonton, Alta., Canada. TI Decoupled simulation in virtual reality with the MR toolkit. SO ACM Transactions on Information Systems. vol.11, no.3. pp. 287-317. July 1993. RF 24 refs. IS 1046-8188. CD ATISET. LG eng. YR 1993. PT journal-article (J). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). RN CCCC: 1046-8188/93/0700-0287&01.50. CP USA. CC C6130B. C6180. C6185. C5540B. DE digital-simulation. human-factors. interactive-devices. user-interfaces. virtual-reality. ID decoupled simulation. virtual reality. MR toolkit. virtual reality user interface style. virtual objects. minimal reality toolkit. 3D input devices. application areas. scientific visualization. architectural visualization. remote manipulation. programming effort. VR application. Decoupled Simulation Model. distributed computing. head-mounted displays. room geometry management. performance monitoring. hand input devices. sound feedback. workstation networks. AB The virtual reality (VR) user interface style allows natural hand and body motions to manipulate virtual objects in 3D environments using one or more 3D input devices. This style is best suited to application areas where traditional two-dimensional styles fall short, such as scientific visualization, architectural visualization, and remote manipulation. Currently, the programming effort required to produce a VR application is too large, and many pitfalls must be avoided in the creation of successful VR programs. The authors describe the Decoupled Simulation Model (DSM) for creating successful VR applications, and a software system that embodies this model. The MR Toolkit simplifies the development of VR applications by providing standard facilities required by a wide range of VR user interfaces. These facilities include support for distributed computing, head-mounted displays, room geometry management, performance monitoring, hand input devices, and sound (audio) feedback. The MR Toolkit encourages programmers to structure their applications to take advantage of the distributed computing capabilities of workstation networks, improving the application's performance. The motivations and the architecture of the toolkit are outlined; the programmer's view is described; and a simple application is briefly described. UP 9401. 59 AN 4525259. AU Krueger-M-W. IN Artificial Reality Corp., Vernon, CT, USA. TI Environmental technology: making the real world virtual. SO Communications of the ACM. vol.36, no.7. pp. 36-7. July 1993. RF 12 refs. IS 0001-0782. CD CACMA2. LG eng. YR 1993. PT journal-article (J). TC GENERAL OR REVIEW (R). CP USA. CC C6130B. C6180. DE user-interfaces. virtual-reality. ID portable technology. head-mounted displays. virtual reality. environmental technology. 2D VIDEOPLACE. interface. 3D applications. AB Portable, wearable, and environmental technology will enable computers to penetrate our everyday lives. While portable technology is familiar to us, and the head-mounted displays associated with virtual reality have been widely touted in the media, environmental technology has been far less visible. As its champion for well over two decades, the author focuses on the environmental approach. He has implemented a 2D VIDEOPLACE medium and used it as an interface to both two- and 3D applications. UP 9311. 60 AN 4508542. AU Pancucci-D. TI The real thing (virtual reality). SO Which Computer?. vol.16, no.8. pp. 38-9, 41-3. Aug. 1993. IS 0140-3435. CD WHCOD8. LG eng. YR 1993. PT journal-article (J). TC GENERAL OR REVIEW (R). CP UK. CC D2020. DE virtual-reality. ID virtual reality. three-dimensional computer simulation. computer-aided design. AB Virtual reality lets people interact with artificial objects and environments through three-dimensional computer simulation. It means the user can get inside the 'data world' instead of observing it from the outside. This is done by using either immersive or nonimmersive methods. Immersive VR uses peripherals such as data gloves and head-mounted displays to give users the feeling of being propelled into an artificial 3D environment. The nonimmersive method uses a conventional computer monitor, with peripherals like a 3D mouse. This technique is cheaper and easier to set up, and is therefore most common in the commercial world. One of the more obvious uses for virtual reality is in computer-aided design. Designs drafted using CAD are often then manipulated in VR systems. The author briefly describes some of the VR systems now available and then discusses some of the applications. Examples of companies using VR systems are discussed. UP 9311. 61 AN 4383503. AU Moshell-M. IN Inst. for Simulation & Training, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. TI Three views of virtual reality: virtual environments in the US military. SO Computer. vol.26, no.2. pp. 81-2. Feb. 1993. RF 4 refs. IS 0018-9162. CD CPTRB4. LG eng. YR 1993. PT journal-article (J). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). CP USA. CC C7150. C7810C. C7460. C6180. C6185. DE aerospace-simulation. computer-based-training. digital-simulation. military-computing. real-time-systems. virtual-reality. ID US military. virtual environment. low-cost real-time interactive simulation. real-time simulation. Link Flight Instrument Trainer. flight simulation systems. team training. battlefield review. tactics development. research projects. military applications. AB A virtual environment is a generic, relatively low-cost real-time interactive simulation. It is shown that the US military has been a primary supporter of real-time simulation for more than 60 years, ever since the development of the Link Flight Instrument Trainer in the late 1930s. The development of flight simulation systems and head-mounted displays are reviewed. The use of virtual environments for team training, battlefield review and tactics development is discussed. Several research projects involving virtual environments and military applications are described. UP 9305. 62 AN 4352880. AU Pausch-R. Edited by: Robertson-S-P. Olson-G-M. Olson-J-S. IN Dept. of Comput. Sci., Virginia Univ., Charlottesville, VA, USA. TI Virtual reality on five dollars a day. SO Published by: ACM. New York, NY, USA. 1991. RF 27 refs. CT Human Factors in Computing Systems. Reaching Through Technology. CHI '91. Conference Proceedings. New Orleans, LA, USA. pp. 265-70. ACM. Australian Comput. Soc. IEEE. et al. 27 April-2 May 1991. IB 0897913833. LG eng. YR 1991. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). EXPERIMENTAL (X). NI picture size 7.2E+02 pixel. picture size 2.8E+02 pixel. picture size 2.016E+05 pixel. RN CCCC: 89791 383 3/91/0004/0265$1.50. CP USA. AV Addison-Wesley, Jacob Way, Reading, MA 01867, USA. CC C5540B. C6180. C6130B. C3250. DE display-devices. interactive-devices. telecontrol. user-interfaces. virtual-reality. ID teleoperation. glove input. hand gesturing. 80386 IBM-PC. Polhemus 3Space Isotrak. Reflection Technology Private Eye displays. Mattel Power Glove. virtual reality. monochrome wire frames. spatial resolution. head-mounted system. low-latency interaction. reference objects. ground plane. 720 pixels. 280 pixels. 201600 pixels. AB Virtual reality systems using head-mounted displays and glove input are gaining popularity but their cost prohibits widespread use. The author has developed a system using an 80386 IBM-PC, a Polhemus 3Space Isotrak, two Reflection Technology Private Eye displays, and a Mattel Power Glove. For less than $5,000, he has created an effective vehicle for developing interaction techniques in virtual reality. The system displays monochrome wire frames of objects with a spatial resolution of 720 by 280, the highest resolution head-mounted system published to date. The author has confirmed findings by other researchers that low-latency interaction is significantly more important than high-quality graphics or stereoscopy. The author has also found it useful to display reference objects to the user, specifically a ground plane for reference and a vehicle containing the user. UP 9303. 63 AN 4292314. AU Foster-S. Wenzel-E. IN Crystal River Eng., Groveland, CA, USA. TI Three dimensional auditory displays. SO Published by: EC2. Nanterre, France. 1992. CT Informatique '92. International Conference Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds. Proceedings and Exhibition Catalog. Montpellier, France. pp. 41. 23-27 March 1992. IB 2906899704. LG eng. fre. YR 1992. PT conference-proceeding (C). TC PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P). CP France. CC B6430. B6450. C6130B. C6180G. DE audio-signals. audio-visual-systems. computer-animation. graphical-user-interfaces. interactive-systems. solid-modelling. ID three dimensional auditory displays. 3D auditory displays. personal simulation systems. virtual reality. head-mounted displays. instrumented gloves. virtual auditory display. audio signals. AB There has been increasing interest in interactive, personal simulation systems sometimes called virtual reality (VR) systems. These systems are typically characterized by head-mounted displays (HMDs), head position and orientation tracking systems and other interaction peripherals such as instrumented gloves. Accordingly, there has been increased interest in the virtual auditory display, the audio component of these VR systems. The author discusses virtual auditory displays, characterized by real-time calculation of audio signals that are presented over headphones. 64 AN 4283063. AU Edwards-O-J. Larimer-J. Gille-J. IN S-TRON, Mountain View, CA, USA. TI Performance considerations for high-definition head mounted displays. SO Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.1664. pp. 141-9. 1992. CT High-Resolution Displays and Projection Systems. San Jose, CA, USA. SPIE. Soc. Imaging Sci. Technol. 11-12 Feb. 1992. IS 0277-786X. CD