1
AN   4759241.
AU   Johnson-W-R.  Mastaglio-T-W.  Peterson-P-D.
     Edited by: Evans-G-W.  Mollaghasemi-M.  Russell-E-C.
     Biles-W-E.
IN   US Army STRICOM, Orlando, FL, USA.
TI   The Close Combat Tactical Trainer program.
SO   Published by: IEEE.  New York, NY, USA.  1993.
RF   11 refs.
CT   1993 Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings (Cat.  No.93CH3338-1).  Los
     Angeles, CA, USA.  pp. 1021-9.  ASA.  ACM/SIGSIM.  IEEE Comput. Soc. 
     IEEE Syst. Man & Cybernetics Soc.  IIE.  NIST.  ORSA.  TIMS/CS.  SCS. 
     12-15 Dec. 1993.
IB   078031381X.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C7150.  C7810C.
DE   computer-based-training.  digital-simulation.  military-computing. 
     protocols.
ID   Close Combat Tactical Trainer program.  distributed interactive
     simulations.  US Army.  training requirements.  combined arms teams. 
     entity-based battlefield.  standard protocols.  semi-automated forces. 
     program development methodology.  DARPA SIMNET project.
AB   The Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) is the first full-scale
     development of a distributed interactive simulations (DIS) training
     system.  CCTT is being developed to support the training requirements of
     the US Army's combined arms teams, however it also provides an
     entity-based battlefield which will be able to support higher level
     training and development activities.  This paper provides an overview of
     CCTT, discusses how it will use the DIS standard protocols and
     semi-automated forces within its architecture, and describes the
     program's development methodology and its role in future Army training. 
     CCTT builds on the successful technology demonstration of this approach
     by DARPA's SIMNET project.
UP   9410.

2
AN   4688232.
AU   McCarty-W-D.  Sheasby-S.  Amburn-P.  Stytz-M-R.  Switzer-C.
IN   Air Force Inst. of Technol., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.
TI   A virtual cockpit for a distributed interactive simulation.
SO   IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.  vol.14, no.1.  pp.  49-54. 
     Jan. 1994.
RF   12 refs.
IS   0272-1716.
CD   ICGADZ.
LG   eng.
YR   1994.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
RN   CCCC: 0272-1716/94/0100-0049$03.00.
CP   USA.
CC   C7460.  C6130B.  C6180.  C5540B.  C5620.
DE   aerospace-computing.  aerospace-simulation.  distributed-processing. 
     interactive-devices.  interactive-systems.  virtual-reality.
ID   virtual cockpit.  distributed interactive simulation.  flight simulator. 
     off-the-shelf equipment.  image display.  image generation.  flight
     dynamics.  head-mounted display.  out-the-window imagery.  cockpit
     interior.  Silicon Graphics workstation.  cockpit instruments.  network
     interface.  SimNet.  DIS PDUs.  multiprocessor Silicon Graphics Iris. 
     4D/440VGXT.  fiber-optic head-mounted display.  Polhemus magnetic head
     tracker.  hands-on-throttle-and-stick.  HOTAS.  MultiGen.
AB   We developed the virtual cockpit as an inexpensive flight simulator,
     using off-the-shelf equipment.  This system functions as a component of a
     distributed interactive simulation.  Any flight simulator has three
     principal tasks: image display, image generation, and flight dynamics. 
     We built the flight simulator, the virtual cockpit, using a head-mounted
     display (HMD) to display the out-the-window imagery and the cockpit
     interior.  The virtual cockpit consists of a Silicon Graphics workstation
     and supporting hardware components, such as an HMD and position tracker. 
     The software falls into three areas by function: flight dynamics and
     cockpit instruments;  network interface (either SimNet or DIS PDUs);  and
     display of the out-the-window view.  The virtual cockpit developed uses a
     multiprocessor Silicon Graphics Iris (the 4D/440VGXT) connected to a
     Polhemus Laboratories fiber-optic head-mounted display, a Polhemus
     magnetic head tracker and a hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) by
     Thrustmaster.  The software uses the AT and T C++ translator and the
     Silicon Graphics C compiler running under Irix 4.0.5.  a Unix operating
     system.  We use Software Systems' MultiGen to create the geometric models
     and the terrain database.
UP   9407.
3
AN   4682042.
AU   Soderberg-B.  Miller-D.
     Edited by: Schoen-J.
IN   BBN Adv. Simulation, Bellevue, WA, USA.
TI   Image generation design for ground-based network training environments.
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1993.
RF   4 refs.
CT   Proceedings of the 1993 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. 
     Twenty-Fifth Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference.  Boston, MA,
     USA.  pp. 910-18.  Soc. Comput. Simulation.  19-21 July 1993.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   B6210L.  C7810C.  C6130B.  C6180.  C6185.  C5620.
DE   computer-based-training.  computer-networks.  digital-simulation. 
     military-computing.  teaching.  virtual-reality.
ID   image generation design.  ground-based network training environments. 
     SIMNET program.  large-scale application.  distributed simulation. 
     tactical team training.  virtual battlefield environment.  image
     generator.  architectural design challenges.  distributed simulation
     technology.  visual systems.  ground based tactical training
     environments.  IG architecture.  igh-level system diagram.  high-level
     occulting.  image complexity.  dynamic allocation.  pixel processing. 
     standard interfaces.  special environmental effects.  tactical smoke. 
     simulator networking.
AB   The SIMNET program represents the first large-scale application of
     distributed simulation to tactical team training.  A critical component
     in the virtual battlefield environment is the image generator (IG). 
     After six years of operational use of an IG in this environment, the
     architectural design challenges for the next generation IG are seen to be
     quite different from those of other IG applications.  The SIMNET program
     is briefly described.  Its success has fostered widespread interest in
     distributed simulation technology and has provided a foundation for the
     requirements of the next generation of visual systems.  The most
     challenging requirements for such systems for ground based tactical
     training environments are presented.  An approach to the design of an IG
     architecture satisfying these requirements is then discussed.  This
     includes a high-level system diagram and the architectural concepts which
     provide high-level occulting, localization of image complexity due to
     many moving models, dynamic allocation of processing resources,
     independent scalability of polygon and pixel processing, standard
     interfaces, and simulation of special environmental effects such as
     tactical smoke.  Architectural efficiencies and performance levels
     obtained with these methods are quantified.
UP   9406.

4
AN   4682040.
AU   Dickens-A-R.
     Edited by: Schoen-J.
IN   BBN Adv. Simulation, Cambridge, MA, USA.
TI   Distributed representation issues for distributed virtual environments.
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1993.
RF   5 refs.
CT   Proceedings of the 1993 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. 
     Twenty-Fifth Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference.  Boston, MA,
     USA.  pp. 894-9.  Soc. Comput. Simulation.  19-21 July 1993.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   B6210L.  C7430.  C6185.  C5620.  C7150.  C6120.
DE   computer-networks.  configuration-management.  data-structures. 
     digital-simulation.  military-computing.  virtual-machines.
ID   distributed representation issues.  distributed virtual environments. 
     DVE.  Simulation Networking.  SIMNET.  simulated entity.  locally
     sensible entity.  entity type.  observed entity.  human operator.  manned
     simulator.  entity types.  operating data.  configuration management. 
     generic representation.  technical requirements.
AB   In a distributed virtual environment (DVE) such as Simulation Networking
     (SIMNET), every simulated entity produces a local representation of every
     other locally sensible entity that is peculiar to the entity type.  These
     local representations depict visual, aural, thermal, radar, sonar, and
     other signatures of the observed entity.  With current technology, every
     entity which has a human operator (e.g., each manned simulator) maintains
     a set of these representations for every entity type in the DVE.  As the
     number of entity types simulated increases, the operating data for the
     manned simulators must be constantly updated to include representations
     of each new entity type added to the DVE.  This is a laborious and
     complex process which produces serious problems of configuration
     management when the DVE is in active use while individual simulators at
     widely separated locations are being updated.  Alternatively, each new
     entity type could bring with it a generic representation of itself that
     could be distributed to other entities in the DVE.  The technical
     requirements for such an approach, referred to as distributed
     representation, are explored.
UP   9406.

5
AN   4682016.
AU   Holder-D-W.
     Edited by: Schoen-J.
IN   Nichols Res. Corp., Huntsville, AL, USA.
TI   The role of simulations in missile system development.
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1993.
RF   1 refs.
CT   Proceedings of the 1993 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. 
     Twenty-Fifth Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference.  Boston, MA,
     USA.  pp. 674-9.  Soc. Comput. Simulation.  19-21 July 1993.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   APPLICATION (A).
CP   USA.
CC   C7150.  C7130.
DE   commerce.  digital-simulation.  government-data-processing. 
     military-computing.  missiles.
ID   missile system development.  Battlefield Distributed Simulation
     Development.  Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.  Simulation
     Network program.  SIMNET program.  hardware-in-the-loop simulations. 
     full-up missile rounds.  acceptance test environment.  weapons systems. 
     concept definition.  deployment.  independent government simulations. 
     generic case studies.  trade studies.  selection process.  competing
     systems.  production decisions.  productive process.  decision making.
AB   The Battlefield Distributed Simulation Development (BDSD) is based on the
     success of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Simulation
     Network (SIMNET) program.  Computer technology has allowed the
     development of very complex hardware-in-the-loop simulations that allow
     the simulation of full-up missile rounds in an acceptance test
     environment.  These efforts, if properly integrated into current
     simulation activities, can provide the government with the tools needed
     to develop weapons systems at a much lower cost than is currently
     possible.  At the same time, these new capabilities, if misused or
     misapplied can result in the selection of technologies and systems that
     are not the best and that would not be selected with the more traditional
     approach.  This paper addresses the application of simulations from
     concept definition to deployment and emphasizes the need for independent
     government simulations.  Generic case studies are presented to illustrate
     how simulations are used at various stages of a program.  These examples
     include the use of simulations in concept definition and trade studies,
     the selection process among competing systems, and to support production
     decisions.  Finally, suggestions are made on how to integrate all of the
     simulation and test activities into a productive process that provides an
     enhanced decision.
UP   9406.

6
AN   4669238.
AU   Moshell-J-M.  Blau-B.  Xin-Li.  Lisle-C.
IN   Dept. of Comput. Sci., Central Florida Univ., Orlando, FL, USA.
TI   Dynamic Terrain (simulation project).
SO   Simulation.  vol.62, no.1.  pp. 29-40.  Jan. 1994.
RF   19 refs.
IS   0037-5497.
CD   SIMUA2.
LG   eng.
YR   1994.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C7340.  C6185.  C6130B.
DE   computer-graphics.  digital-simulation.  geophysics-computing. 
     real-time-systems.  virtual-reality.
ID   Dynamic Terrain.  simulation project.  flight simulators.  ground-based
     simulation training systems.  Army/DARPA sponsored SIMNET.  aircraft
     simulators.  complex network.  combined arms combat skills.  realtime
     interactive simulation.  educational applications.  virtual reality. 
     soil.  water.  vegetation.  networked realtime simulators.  dynamic
     terrain phenomena.  computational requirements.  realtime graphical
     dynamic terrain simulation.  theoretical models.  terrain dynamics. 
     high-volume training simulators.  virtual environments.
AB   While many are familiar with flight simulators, there is also a growing
     body of ground-based simulation training systems.  The Army/DARPA
     sponsored SIMNET project involved over 200 armor and aircraft simulators
     in a complex network, designed to teach combined arms combat skills.  The
     follow-on Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) project will be the
     largest training simulator acquisition in history.  In addition, realtime
     interactive simulation is moving beyond military training into the
     potentially much larger market of commercial, entertainment and
     educational applications currently being called "virtual reality". 
     However, no existing realtime simulation supports a truly interactive
     world.  In particular, the terrain (soil, water and vegetation) is nearly
     or completely immutable in today's simulators.  In a word, the terrain is
     not dynamic.  The project presented, explores the hypothesis that it is
     economically feasible to construct networked realtime simulators which
     incorporate useful simulations of dynamic terrain phenomena.  The authors
     have evaluated the computational requirements of realtime graphical
     dynamic terrain simulation with both theoretical models and prototypes,
     and conclude that useful levels of terrain dynamics can be incorporated
     in the next generation of low-cost, high-volume training simulators and
     virtual environments.
UP   9405.

7
AN   4624386.
AU   Kuo-Chi-Lin.  Huat-Ng.
IN   Inst. for Simulation & Training, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL,
     USA.
TI   Coordinate transformations in Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS).
SO   Simulation.  vol.61, no.5.  pp. 326-31.  Nov. 1993.
RF   5 refs.
IS   0037-5497.
CD   SIMUA2.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).  THEORETICAL OR MATHEMATICAL (T).
CP   USA.
CC   C7150.  C6185.  C6150N.  C6180.
DE   digital-simulation.  distributed-processing.  interactive-systems. 
     military-computing.  military-standards.
ID   Distributed Interactive Simulation.  coordinate transformations. 
     military standard.  geocentric coordinates.  world coordinates.  SIMNET. 
     simulators.  local topocentric coordinates.  geodetic coordinates.
AB   The newly drafted military standard on Distributed Interactive Simulation
     (DIS) uses the geocentric coordinates as the world coordinates.  However,
     SIMNET and most of the existing simulators use local topocentric or
     geodetic coordinates as their world coordinates.  This paper establishes
     the coordinate transformations among the different coordinate systems. 
     The orientation representations in different coordinates are also
     discussed.
UP   9404.

8
AN   4585053.
AU   Moran-S-I.  Kornovich-W-M-Jr.
     Edited by: Sharon-A.
IN   General Electric Gov. Services, Williams AFB, AZ, USA.
TI   Distributed interactive simulation in a tactical environment.
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Dieago, CA, USA.  1993.
RF   6 refs.
CT   Simulators X. Proceedings of the 1993 Simulation Multiconference on the
     International Simulators Conference.  Arlington, VA, USA.  pp. 613-17. 
     SCS.  29 March-1 April 1993.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C7460.  C7150.  C6150N.
DE   aerospace-simulation.  distributed-processing.  interactive-systems. 
     military-computing.
ID   high fidelity dissimilar systems.  air-to-air intercept baseline. 
     tactical environment.  design.  implementation.  evaluation.  distributed
     interactive flight simulation.  multiship SIMNET network.  TEMPEST
     facility.  squadron level training.
AB   This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation for
     distributed interactive flight simulation in a tactical environment.  At
     the Armstrong Laboratory Aircrew Training Research Division (AL/HRA),
     Williams Air Force Base (WAFB), AZ, a team of engineers and pilots are
     evaluating a multiship SIMNET network, locally housed in a TEMPEST
     facility and long-hauled to other sites.  The network, composed of
     high-fidelity, dissimilar systems designed for squadron level training,
     is currently engineered to an air-to-air (A/A) intercept baseline. 
     Before additional complexity is added, the configuration is providing
     unique opportunities for training utility research and for engineering
     assessments, applicable to other distributed interactive simulation
     efforts.
UP   9402.

9
AN   4585028.
AU   Lin-K-C.  Ng-H.
     Edited by: Sharon-A.
IN   Inst. for Simulation & Training, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL,
     USA.
TI   Coordinate transformations in Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS).
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Dieago, CA, USA.  1993.
RF   5 refs.
CT   Simulators X. Proceedings of the 1993 Simulation Multiconference on the
     International Simulators Conference.  Arlington, VA, USA.  pp. 459-63. 
     SCS.  29 March-1 April 1993.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   THEORETICAL OR MATHEMATICAL (T).
CP   USA.
CC   B6210L.  C6185.  C5620.  C7150.
DE   computer-networks.  digital-simulation.  interactive-systems. 
     military-computing.
ID   topocentric coordinates.  Distributed Interactive Simulation.  geocentric
     coordinates.  geodetic coordinates.  coordinate transformations. 
     orientation representations.
AB   The newly drafted Military Standard on Distributed Interactive Simulation
     has chosen the geocentric coordinates as the world coordinates.  However,
     SIMNET and most of the existing simulators are using local topocentric or
     geodetic coordinates as their world coordinates.  This paper establishes
     the coordinate transformations among different coordinate systems.  The
     orientation representations in different coordinates are also discussed.
UP   9402.

10
AN   4546382.
AU   Wenhua-Dou.  Haitang-Chen.  Kaiyu-Cai.  Yiqun-Chen.
IN   Dept. of Comput. Sci., Changsha Inst. of Technol., Hunan, China.
TI   An Integrated Simulation Environment ISENET for computer communication
     networks: design and implementation.
SO   Published by: IEEE.  New York, NY, USA.  1992.
RF   8 refs.
CT   Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics
     (Cat. No.92TH0371-5).  Xian, China.  pp. 804-8 vol.2.  IEEE.  Soc.
     Instrum. & Control Eng. Japan.  et al.  25-29 May 1992.
IB   0780300424.
LG   eng.
YR   1992.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   APPLICATION (A).  PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   B6210L.  C5620.  C7410F.  C5540.
DE   computer-networks.  digital-simulation.  engineering-workstations. 
     telecommunications-computing.
ID   network design.  computer communication networks.  Integrated Simulation
     Environment Networks.  SUN/4 engineering workstations.  simulation tools. 
     modeling interface.  simulation processor.  SIMNET.  post processor. 
     queueing network model.
AB   The ISENET (Integrated Simulation Environment Networks), implemented on
     SUN/4 engineering workstations, is a set of simulation tools for computer
     communication networks.  ISENET comprises a modeling interface,
     simulation processor SIMNET (Simulation Networks) and a post processor. 
     The SIMNET system is based on an extended queueing network model and
     simulation method.  The paper describes the basic concepts and functions
     of SIMNET and discusses several important technical considerations of
     ISENET.
UP   9401.

11
AN   4541886.
AU   Moshell-M.  Blau-B.  Dunn-Roberts-R.
IN   Inst. for Simulation & Training, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL,
     USA.
TI   Virtual environments for military training: SIMNET, Ender's game, and
     beyond.
SO   Virtual Reality World.  vol.1, no.2.  pp. v-ad.  Summer 1993.
RF   19 refs.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C7150.  C6130B.
DE   military-computing.  simulation.  training.  virtual-reality.
ID   virtual environments.  military training.  SIMNET.  Ender's game. 
     graphics.  networked training simulators.  cyberspace.
AB   This paper describes the SIMNET experience-its graphics, internal physics
     and logic-as well as the rapidly developing market for networked training
     simulators.  It then explores some ongoing near-term developments, and
     possible longer-range directions for military training in cyberspace. 
     Brief descriptions of the underlying technology are provided.
UP   9401.

12
AN   4459537.
AU   Moshel-J-M.  Smart-E-A.  Dunn-Roberts-R.  Blau-B.  Lisle-C-R.
     Edited by: Seidel-R-J.  Chatelier-P-R.
IN   Inst. for Simulation Training, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL,
     USA.
TI   Virtual reality: its potential impact on embedded training.
SO   Published by: Plenum.  New York, NY, USA.  1993.
RF   20 refs.
CT   Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design. Proceedings of a
     Workshop.  Venice, Italy.  pp. 191-205.  22-24 Oct. 1991.
IB   0306443082.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C7150.  C6130B.  C7810C.
DE   computer-based-training.  military-computing. 
     object-oriented-programming.  virtual-reality.
ID   computer based training.  virtual reality.  military training.  SIMNET. 
     simulations.  real armor exercises.  display devices.  Virtual
     Environment Testbed.  object oriented environment.  embedded training.
AB   Considers the problem of integrating SIMNET-style networked simulations
     with real armor exercises.  It has been suggested that tank commanders
     operating open-hatch or POP-hatch in field exercises could pick up a pair
     of special binoculars to see the virtual (simulated) components of the
     battlefield.  Alternatively, the entire vehicle could wear display
     devices over its viewing blocks and gun sights, which would provide a
     mixture of real scenery and superimposed images of virtual participants. 
     In order to explore these issues, the authors have developed and
     implemented the Virtual Environment Testbed (VETB)-the first laboratory
     for the realtime interconnection of multiple heterogenous VR systems in
     an object oriented environment.  The authors explore some of the issues
     in mixed (embedded and virtual) simulation and describe how the VETB can
     be used to advance our understanding of VR and our ability to create
     simulations which are robust and flexible enough to be used in embedded
     training.
UP   9308.

13
AN   4425169.
AU   Schlechter-T-M.  Bessemer-D-W.  Kolosh-K-P.
IN   US Army Res. Inst., Fort Knox, KY, USA.
TI   Computer-based simulation systems and role-playing: an effective
     combination for fostering conditional knowledge.
SO   Journal of Computer-Based Instruction.  vol.19, no.4.  pp.  110-14. 
     Autumn 1992.
RF   22 refs.
IS   0098-597X.
CD   JCOID8.
LG   eng.
YR   1992.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
RN   CCCC: 0098-597X/92/19110-$1.54.
CP   USA.
CC   C7810C.  C7150.
DE   computer-based-training.  military-computing.
ID   military computing.  computer-based training simulation system.  Armor
     Officer Basic.  SIMNET.  higher order cognitive constructs.
AB   This investigation examined the effectiveness of a computer-based
     training simulation system (Simulation Networking) combined with a
     program of role-playing activities for helping students to master the
     conditional knowledge needed for successful field performance.  Field
     evaluations of 746 Armor Officer Basic (AOB) Course students who
     completed the AOB Course before SIMNET was implemented (Baseline
     Condition) were compared to the field evaluations of 607 students who
     received SIMNET training.  470 of the latter students participated in the
     role-playing phase of this investigation.  SIMNET's effectiveness was
     demonstrated for training military students to apply their newly acquired
     knowledge in the field exercises.  Also, the positive transfer of SIMNET
     training was seemingly attributable to the students engaging in
     appropriate role-playing activities during this training.  The present
     findings have affirmed the hypothesized value of using computer-based
     simulation systems for training students to use higher order cognitive
     constructs.  The effectiveness of such instructional systems is seemingly
     tied to providing students with realistic and safe 'learning-by-doing'
     opportunities.
UP   9307.

14
AN   4424434.
AU   Nuno-J-P.  Shunk-D-L.  Padillo-J.  Beltran-B.
IN   CIM Syst. Res. Center, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA.
TI   Mexico's Vilpac Truck Company uses a CIM implementation to become a world
     class manufacturer.
SO   Interfaces.  vol.23, no.1.  pp. 59-75.  Jan.-Feb. 1993.
RF   6 refs.
IS   0092-2102.
CD   INFAC4.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
RN   CCCC: 0092-2102/93/2301/0059$01.25.
CP   USA.
CC   C3355.  C7420.  C7480.
DE   computer-integrated-manufacturing.  digital-simulation.
ID   integrated manufacturing architecture.  Vilpac Truck Company.  CIM. 
     world class manufacturer.  systems integrated enterprise.  IDEF
     functional model.  SIMNET II computer simulation model.
AB   Describes how Mexican and US firms and universities are working together
     to turn a Mexican-USA truck maker, Vilpac, into a world class
     manufacturing firm.  A systems integrated enterprise and manufacturing
     architecture is enabling the firm to manufacture and sell trucks meeting
     international standards.  The company has increased production by 260
     percent, reduced fixed total costs by 26 percent, and increased net
     profits by 70 percent within 18 months.  An IDEF functional model helped
     Vilpac to identify simplification opportunities.  A SIMNET II computer
     simulation model of the entire fabrication process monitors the load of
     over 95 machines and follows work in process.
UP   9307.

15
AN   4382589.
AU   Brock-D-L.  Montana-D-J.  Ceranowicz-A-Z.
IN   BBN Systems & Technologies Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA.
TI   Coordination and control of multiple autonomous vehicles.
SO   Published by: IEEE Comput. Soc. Press.  Los Alamitos, CA, USA.  1992.
RF   8 refs.
CT   Proceedings. 1992 IEEE International Conference on Robotics And
     Automation (Cat. No.92CH3140-1).  Nice, France.  pp. 2725-30 vol.3. 
     IEEE.  12-14 May 1992.
IB   0818627204.
LG   eng.
YR   1992.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   APPLICATION (A).
RN   CCCC: 0 8186 2720 4/92$03.00.
CP   USA.
CC   C7890.
DE   computer-aided-instruction.  military-computing.  mobile-robots. 
     path-planning.  planning-artificial-intelligence.  training. 
     virtual-reality.
ID   multiple autonomous vehicles.  DARPA SIMNET project.  interactive
     simulators.  virtual environment.  semi-automated forces.  collision
     avoidance.  formation keeping.  lower-level path planning.  formation
     following.  maneuvering.
AB   The DARPA SIMNET project allows hundreds of soldiers to train together in
     a virtual air, land, and sea environment through a network of interactive
     simulators.  In addition to the manned simulators, the virtual
     environment is also populated by a large number of autonomous vehicles
     called semi-automated forces, which are controlled by an operator at a
     single workstation.  The authors address the issues of collision
     avoidance and formation keeping.  The autonomous vehicles are responsible
     for the lower-level path planning, collision avoidance, and formation
     following.  Routines are described for maneuvering among large obstacles,
     smaller objects, and moving vehicles.
UP   9305.

16
AN   4366181.
AU   Zyda-M-J.  Pratt-D-R.  Osborne-W-D.  Manahan-J-G.
IN   Dept. of Comput. Sci., Naval Postgraduate Sch., Monterey, CA, USA.
TI   NPSNET: real-time collision detection and response.
SO   Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation.  vol.4, no.1.  pp.
     13-24.  Jan.-March 1993.
RF   13 refs.
IS   1049-8907.
CD   JVCAEO.
LG   eng.
YR   1993.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   UK.
CC   C6130B.  C6185.
DE   digital-simulation.  real-time-systems.  virtual-reality.
ID   3D virtual world.  NPSNET.  real-time collision detection.  3D visual
     simulator.  SIMNET terrain databases.  networking.  SGI IRIS graphics
     workstations.  NPSNET-2.
AB   The Graphics and Video Laboratory of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)
     is constructing a three dimensional (3D) virtual world called NPSNET. 
     NPSNET is a low-cost, commercial workstation-based 3D visual simulator
     that uses SIMNET terrain databases and networking.  NPSNET is programmed
     using off-the-shelf SGI IRIS graphics workstations, rather than the
     platform-specific nodes of SIMNET.  Part of the work in constructing the
     NPSNET world is detecting and resolving collisions in real-time.  Such
     collision detection and resolution has been accomplished and integrated
     into the latest version of NPSNET, NPSNET-2.  The detection of
     vehicle-weapon, vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-stationary non-vehicle
     collisions is performed throughout the virtual world.
UP   9305.

17
AN   4358405.
AU   Kanarick-C-M.
     Edited by: Madisetti-V.  Nicol-D.  Fujimoto-R.
IN   Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
TI   A technical overview and history of the SIMNET project.
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1990.
RF   12 refs.
CT   Advances in Parallel and Distributed Simulation. Proceedings of the SCS
     Multiconference.  Anaheim, CA, USA.  pp. 104-11.  ACM.  IEEE.  SCS. 
     23-25 Jan. 1991.
IB   0911801782.
LG   eng.
YR   1990.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   B6210L.  B6150M.  C7150.  C7810C.  C6110P.  C5620.  C5640.  C6185.
DE   computer-aided-instruction.  computer-networks.  digital-simulation. 
     military-computing.  parallel-programming.  protocols.
ID   United States Army.  distributed interactive simulation.  combined arms
     tactical training.  weapon system prototypes.  communication network. 
     tactical training.  virtual battlefield.  SIMNET development.  M1 tank
     simulators.  WAREX/90.  remote locations.
AB   The history and scope of the SIMNET (simulator networking) project are
     described.  SIMNET is a program sponsored by DARPA in partnership with
     the United States Army, to investigate the feasibility of distributed
     interactive simulation for both combined arms tactical training and the
     testing and evaluation of weapon system prototypes.  Vehicle simulations,
     such as tanks or aircraft, are linked together over a communication
     network for tactical training on a virtual battlefield.  SIMNET
     development began in late 1982.  By 1986, the first M1 tank simulators
     were deployed at Ft.  Knox, Kentucky.  Over the next three and a half
     years, over 10 different types of simulators were developed and a total
     of over 200 produced.  The latest large-scale experiment, WAREX/90, was
     conducted in March of 1990 and connected over 200 simulators in seven
     remote locations, concurrently simulating up to 1000 vehicles.  The
     author reviews the development of the major components of SIMNET and
     describes the scope of the experiments involving these simulators.
UP   9303.

18
AN   4342385.
AU   Tsui-E-K.
     Edited by: Luker-P.
IN   US Army Res. Dev. & Eng. Center, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA.
TI   Evaluating intelligent minefield technology in a real-time laboratory
     environment.
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1992.
RF   4 refs.
CT   Proceedings of the 1992 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. 
     Twenty-Fourth Annual Computer Simulation Conference.  Reno, NV, USA.  pp.
     592-5.  SCS.  27-30 July 1992.
LG   eng.
YR   1992.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C7150.  C7420.  C3395.  C6170.
DE   artificial-intelligence.  computerised-control.  digital-simulation. 
     distributed-processing.  military-computing.  real-time-systems. 
     weapons.
ID   intelligent minefield technology.  real-time laboratory environment. 
     smart mine controller.  engineering development phase.  communications. 
     identification algorithms.  control strategies.  laboratory modelling
     capabilities.  analytical agencies.  distributed simulation.  SIMNET.
AB   Addresses the current Army Research, Development and Engineering Center
     (ARDEC) Intelligent Minefield (IMF) program, with focus on the problems
     and potential solutions associated with low cost, real-time evaluation of
     smart mine controller concepts in the early engineering development
     phase.  Three pertinent topics are presented: (1) principle issues facing
     the IMF developer relative to communications, identification algorithms
     for friends and foes, and control strategies;  (2) examination of current
     ARDEC laboratory modelling capabilities to support analytical agencies
     and the IMF developer;  and (3) integration and use of distributed
     simulation technologies pioneered by DARPA in the early SIMNET program
     for IMF modeling.
UP   9303.

19
AN   4280816.
AU   Taylor-B-B.  Taha-H-A.
     Edited by: Nelson-B-L.  Kelton-W-D.  Clark-G-M.
IN   Ind. & Manuf. Eng., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, USA.
TI   Automatic generation of a class of simulation models from databases.
SO   Published by: IEEE.  New York, NY, USA.  1991.
RF   6 refs.
CT   1991 Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings (Cat.  No.91CH3050-2). 
     Phoenix, AZ, USA.  pp. 1209-17.  American Stat. Assoc.  ACM.  IEEE. 
     NIST.  ORSA.  TIMS/CS.  IIE.  SCS.  8-11 Dec. 1991.
IB   0780301811.
LG   eng.
YR   1991.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C6185.  C7480.
DE   assembling.  BASIC-listings.  discrete-event-simulation. 
     simulation-languages.
ID   syntactically correct simulation models.  functional databases. 
     general-purpose simulation language.  assembly line operations. 
     network-based models.  input-data dependent.  QuickBASIC program.  SIMNET
     cost estimation.  SIMNET II.
AB   The authors show the potential of using a higher-level language, such as
     BASIC, to automatically generate syntactically correct simulation models
     from functional databases.  The resulting models may then be executed
     directly by the general-purpose simulation language of choice.  The
     procedure is primarily developed for assembly line operations.  The
     proposed approach is based on the observation that although the
     simulation logic of network-based models is generally simple, the
     structure of such models is highly input-data dependent.  As an example a
     QuickBASIC program to generate SIMNET cost estimation is listed, and a
     SIMNET II simulation model for the example application is listed.

20
AN   4275034.
AU   Taha-H-A.
     Edited by: Nelson-B-L.  Kelton-W-D.  Clark-G-M.
IN   SimTec Inc., Fayetteville, AR, USA.
TI   Simulation with SIMNET II.
SO   Published by: IEEE.  New York, NY, USA.  1991.
RF   2 refs.
CT   1991 Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings (Cat.  No.91CH3050-2). 
     Phoenix, AZ, USA.  pp. 132-5.  American Stat.  Assoc.  ACM.  IEEE.  NIST. 
     ORSA.  TIMS/CS.  IIE.  SCS.  8-11 Dec. 1991.
IB   0780301811.
LG   eng.
YR   1991.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C6140D.  C6185.  C1140C.  C5620.
DE   computer-networks.  discrete-event-simulation.  queueing-theory. 
     simulation-languages.  transaction-processing.
ID   SIMNET II simulation language.  network-based discrete simulation
     language.  source.  queue.  facility.  auxiliary.  special assignments. 
     computational capabilities.  FORTRAN.  C inserts.  totally compatible
     version.
AB   An outline of the SIMNET II simulation language is presented.  SIMNET II
     is a network-based discrete simulation language that utilizes only four
     nodes: a source, a queue, a facility, and an auxiliary.  Routing of
     transactions among the four nodes is effected by executing special
     assignments along the branches linking the nodes.  SIMNET II offers
     powerful computational capabilities at a level equal to FORTRAN, thus
     eliminating the need for using external FORTRAN or C inserts as in other
     languages.  The special assignments of SIMNET II also allow the modeler
     to exercise complete control over the internal characteristics of the
     nodes during execution.  The system is totally interactive and is
     available in totally compatible version for mainframe, mini-, and
     microcomputers.

21
AN   4160569.
AU   Harvey-E-P.  Schaffer-R-L.  McGarry-S-M.
     Edited by: Pace-D.
IN   BMH Associates Inc., Norfolk, VA, USA.
TI   High performance fixed-wing aircraft simulation using SIMNET protocols.
SO   Published by: CSC.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1991.
RF   3 refs.
CT   Proceedings of the 1991 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. 
     Twenty-Third Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference.  Baltimore,
     MD, USA.  pp. 965-70.  SCS.  22-24 July 1991.
IB   091180191X.
LG   eng.
YR   1991.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   APPLICATION (A).  PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   B7620.  B6150M.  C7460.  C5640.
DE   aerospace-computing.  aerospace-simulation.  aircraft. 
     digital-simulation.  protocols.
ID   fixed-wing aircraft simulation.  high performance aircraft simulators. 
     appearance protocol data unit.  transmission frequency.  long haul
     network.  F-16 aircraft.  SIMNET protocols.
AB   SIMNET was developed to permit interaction between armored vehicle
     simulators over local and long haul networks utilizing standardized
     network communications protocols.  This paper provides an overview of the
     SIMNET program and discusses technical issues involved with networking
     high performance aircraft simulators using SIMNET protocols.  The results
     of an appearance protocol data unit transmission frequency experiment for
     a very high performance aircraft are provided and a long haul network
     demonstration using SIMNET protocols to link geographically dispersed
     F-16 aircraft simulators will be described.  A review of enhancements to
     SIMNET protocols which apply to high performance aircraft simulation
     contained in the 'Military Standard for Entity Information and Entity
     Interaction in a Distributed Interactive Simulation' is detailed.
22
AN   4160567.
AU   Weatherly-R.  Seidel-D.  Weissman-J.
     Edited by: Pace-D.
IN   Mitre Corp., McLean, VA, USA.
TI   Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol.
SO   Published by: CSC.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1991.
RF   9 refs.
CT   Proceedings of the 1991 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. 
     Twenty-Third Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference.  Baltimore,
     MD, USA.  pp. 953-8.  SCS.  22-24 July 1991.
IB   091180191X.
LG   eng.
YR   1991.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   B7930.  B6150M.  B7990.  B0120.  C7150.  C7810C.  C6150N.  C5640.
DE   broadcasting.  computer-aided-instruction.  digital-simulation. 
     distributed-processing.  military-computing.  protocols.  training.
ID   multiple combat simulations interfacing.  attribute replication. 
     Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol.  combat training systems.  software
     reuse.  SIMNET.  real-time vehicle-level simulation system.  distributed
     computation.  combat entity ownership.  critical resources.  broadcast
     communications.  battlefield entities.  simulation time regulation. 
     message transportation services.  semantics.  temporal causality.
AB   Because of the variety of combat training systems in existence today and
     the growing software reuse requirements, DARPA sponsored Mitre to develop
     a protocol for interfacing multiple combat simulations.  The development
     of the Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) is based on four design
     principles from SIMNET (a real-time vehicle-level simulation system): (1)
     distributed computation based on combat entity ownership, (2) avoidance
     of single critical resources, (3) reliance on broadcast communications,
     and (4) replication of a limited set of combat entity attributes among
     all simulations.  The ALSP has two peer-level protocols and a vertical
     connection protocol that joins them.  The upper protocol layer is similar
     to SIMNET in that it carries information concerning the interactions of
     battlefield entities.  The lower protocol layer provides simulation time
     regulation and message transportation services.  The upper protocol layer
     deals with the semantics of the simulation interface problem, while the
     lower protocol layer ensures temporal causality among simulated events.

23
AN   4030871.
AU   Taha-H-A.  Taylor-R-B.  Younis-N-A.
     Edited by: Balci-O.  Sadowski-R-P.  Nance-R-E.
IN   Dept. of Ind. Eng., Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville, AR, USA.
TI   Simulation and animation with SIMNET II and ISES.
SO   Published by: IEEE.  New York, NY, USA.  1990.
RF   3 refs.
CT   1990 Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings (Cat.  No.90CH2926-4).  New
     Orleans, LA, USA.  pp. 99-105.  IEEE.  ASA.  ACM.  NIST.  IIE.  TIMS. 
     SCS.  9-12 Dec. 1990.
IB   0911801723.
LG   eng.
YR   1990.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   B6210L.  C6140D.  C6185.  C6130B.  C5620.  C6110.
DE   computer-animation.  computer-networks.  discrete-event-simulation. 
     interactive-systems.  programming.  simulation-languages.
ID   SIMNET II.  network-based discrete simulation language.  source.  queue. 
     facility.  auxiliary.  special assignments.  flexible computational
     capabilities.  Fortran.  internal simulation data.  modeling power. 
     ISES.  no-programming animation.  debugging.  user-friendly interactive
     environment.
AB   A description is given of SIMNET II, a network-based discrete simulation
     language that utilizes only four nodes: a source, a queue, a facility,
     and an auxiliary.  Special routing of transactions among the four nodes
     is effected using seven types of branches and the so-called special
     assignments.  SIMNET II offers flexible computational capabilities at a
     level equal to Fortran with access to all internal simulation data and
     files.  The computational and modeling power of the language eliminates
     the need for the use of external Fortran or C inserts.  The companion
     system ISES combines input, no-programming animation, debugging, and
     execution in a user-friendly interactive environment.  An important
     feature of the system is that ISES generates the animation model without
     any special programming effort on the part of the user.

24
AN   4021608.
AU   Lagathinos-I-B.
TI   SIMNET simulation system.
SO   Revue F.I.T.C.E.  vol.30, no.2.  pp. 27-8, 30.  April-June 1991.
IS   0304-4416.
CD   RFITBG.
LG   eng.
YR   1991.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   APPLICATION (A).  PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
GN   NSF DCR 85-13417.  FTU-5.17.5.6.07.  N00014 89-J-1181.
CP   Belgium.
CC   B6210D.  B6210L.  C7410F.
DE   computer-networks.  digital-communication-systems.  digital-simulation. 
     telecommunications-computing.  telephone-networks.
ID   simulation system.  computer networks.  SIMNET.  network management. 
     digital telephony.
AB   Simulating large computer networks imposes a heavy load both on memory
     requirements and on computer time.  These requirements are approximately
     proportional to N/sup 2/, where N is the number of nodes of the network. 
     SIMNET has been developed by the author as a tool of study in the Greek
     network.  The system is mainly intended to serve the needs of an
     effective network management especially in the field of digital
     telephony.
25
AN   4015298.
AU   Thomas-M-L.  Reining-G.  Kelly-G.
IN   Armstrong Lab., Aircrew Training Res. Div., Williams AFB, AZ, USA.
TI   The Display for Advanced Research and Training: an 'inexpensive' answer
     to tactical simulation.
SO   Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical
     Engineering.  vol.1456.  pp. 65-75.  1991.
RF   8 refs.
CT   Large-Screen-Projection, Avionic and Helmet-Mounted Displays.  San Jose,
     CA, USA.  SPIE.  Soc. Imaging Sci. Technol.  26-28 Feb. 1991.
IS   0277-786X.
CD   PSISDG.
LG   eng.
YR   1991.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
RN   CCCC: 0 8194 0555 8/91/$4.00.
GN   NSF DCR 85-13417.  FTU-5.17.5.6.07.  N00014 89-J-1181.
CP   USA.
CC   B7620.  B7990.  B7260.  B7630.  C7460.
DE   aerospace-simulation.  aircraft-instrumentation.  display-devices. 
     military-systems.  training.
ID   aircraft instrumentation.  military systems.  display.  Display for
     Advanced Research and Training.  tactical simulation.  out-the-window
     visual imagery.  F-16.  pentagonal projection screens.  dodecahedron. 
     rear surface.  pilot.
AB   The Display for Advanced Research and Training (DART) is a low-cost
     display system, producing out-the-window visual imagery for use in a
     flight simulator.  The DART display system, when combined with high
     performance, low cost image generator (IG) processors, shows promise as
     an economical and useful training tool for many aircraft such as the
     F-16.  DART consists of pentagonal projection screens arranged as a
     dodecahedron.  Imagery for each display facet is projected on the outside
     or rear surface of each screen and is viewed by the pilot from the center
     of the dodecahedron.  The screen edges adjoin with a one centimeter gap. 
     It is concluded that DART has demonstrated an ability to provide wide
     FOV, good resolution, high brightness, and high contrast at a relatively
     low cost.  DART's cost/performance ratio makes it attractive for
     applications such as the airborne players in the Defense Advanced
     Research Project Agency's SimNet program, a networked simulation
     technology demonstration for the Army.
26
AN   3885750.
AU   Lampton-D-R.
     Edited by: Barnett-C-C.  Holmes-W-M.
IN   US Army Res. Inst. Field Unit, Fort Knox, KY, USA.
TI   Transfer of tactical training from a low fidelity simulation (PLBS) to a
     high fidelity simulation (SIMNET).
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1988.
RF   16 refs.
CT   Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Computer Simulation Conference.  Seattle,
     WA, USA.  pp. 542-6.  SCS.  25-28 July 1988.
IB   0911801383.
LG   eng.
YR   1988.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
GN   NSF IRI 8822031.  NSF IRI 87 18766.  NSF CCR 88-09437.  RP2581-2. 
     RP1493-4.  RP2892-6.  RP1261-13.  RP1261-13.  RP2034-34.  RP982. 
     RP1711-10.  RP2278-6.  RP3201-1.  RPS411-6, RP1066-1.
CP   USA.
CC   C7150.  C7810C.
DE   computer-aided-instruction.  digital-simulation.  military-computing. 
     training.
ID   tactical training.  low fidelity simulation.  PLBS.  high fidelity
     simulation.  SIMNET.  small armor units.  simulated combat.  Platoon
     Level Battlefield Simulation.  transfer.  performance.  operational
     conditions.  Simulator Networking.  realism.  data capture.
AB   Traditional training methods are hard pressed to provide adequate
     tactical training for leaders of small armor units.  Computer-driven
     battle simulations may provide a needed complement to field training. 
     Compared to field training, simulated combat is inexpensive, safe and can
     use terrain that is theoretically unlimited in extent and variety.  As
     part of a research program to determine simulation requirements for
     training tactical skills the Army Research Institute has produced a low
     cost, low fidelity battle simulation, Platoon Level Battlefield
     Simulation, (PLBS).  Initial subjective evaluations of PLBS by tactics
     instructors have been favorable.  However, the critical issue in the
     evaluation of a training simulation is transfer, that is, 'does training
     on the simulation lead to better performance under operational conditions
     or for later stages of training?' This paper describes planned research
     to measure the type and amount of transfer from PLBS to a higher fidelity
     simulation, Simulator Networking (SIMNET).  SIMNET is an ideal test
     medium, due to the realism and comprehensiveness of the battlefield
     representation, the ability to control critical combat variables, and the
     detail and precision of data capture.

27
AN   3879871.
AU   Abrett-G.  Deutsch-S.  Downes-Martin-S.
IN   BBN Syst. & Technol., Cambridge, MA, USA.
TI   Two AL languages for simulation.
SO   Transactions of the Society for Computer Simulation.  vol.7, no.3.  pp.
     229-50.  Sept. 1990.
RF   23 refs.
IS   0740-6797.
CD   TSCSEV.
LG   eng.
YR   1990.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
RN   CCCC: 0740-6797/90/$2.00+.10.
GN   NSF IRI 8822031.  NSF IRI 87 18766.  NSF CCR 88-09437.  RP2581-2. 
     RP1493-4.  RP2892-6.  RP1261-13.  RP1261-13.  RP2034-34.  RP982. 
     RP1711-10.  RP2278-6.  RP3201-1.
CP   USA.
CC   C1230.  C7150.
DE   artificial-intelligence.  behavioural-sciences-computing. 
     heuristic-programming.  military-computing.  object-oriented-programming. 
     simulation-languages.
ID   knowledge representation.  Simple Frame Language.  AL languages.  human
     decision making.  simulation.  artificial intelligence.  declarative
     language.  object-oriented simulator.  frame language.  procedural
     language.  wargame simulation.  military planning.  DARPA SIMNET project. 
     military domain heuristics.
AB   Modeling human decision making lies on the boundary between simulation
     and artificial intelligence.  The authors model human decision makers as
     simulation agents, each expected to exhibit intelligent behavior.  The
     agents must be intentional and they must anticipate future situations in
     generating proactive behavior.  They must respond to the actions of other
     agents and to simulation events.  To achieve this level of agent
     performance they have developed a declarative language of goals,
     achievement plans, and procedures.  The language explicitly captures the
     procedural knowledge required to achieve agent goals.  To build the
     object-oriented simulator they have developed a frame language.  The
     focus is on the syntax and semantics of the frame language and the
     procedural language.  To illustrate the use of these language tools, they
     describe an interactive wargame simulation designed to support military
     planning in the DARPA SIMNET project.  The wargame, based on a frequently
     used and highly successful manual wargaming method, is driven by familiar
     military domain heuristics.  It provides the ability to rapidly explore
     many alternative event outcomes, significantly extending the depth and
     breadth of the problem space that the planning staff is able to explore.

28
AN   3831088.
AU   Rabines-R.  Mohler-J.
TI   Battlefield realism flows via distributed simulation.
SO   Signal.  vol.45, no.3.  pp. 47-9.  Nov. 1990.
IS   0037-4938.
CD   SGNAAZ.
LG   eng.
YR   1990.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   APPLICATION (A).
CP   USA.
CC   B7990.  B6210L.  C7150.  C5620.
DE   computer-networks.  digital-simulation.  distributed-processing. 
     interactive-systems.  military-computing.  military-systems.
ID   computer controlled.  local area networks.  Defence Advanced Research
     Projects Agency.  US Army.  simulator networking.  SIMNET.  long-haul
     networks.  visual systems.  battlefield environment.  interactive
     distributed simulation system.  tactical team training.  communications
     network.  distributed simulation protocols.
AB   One of the distributed simulation efforts underway is the Defense
     Advanced Research Projects Agency/US Army simulator networking (SIMNET)
     program, which combines local area and long-haul networks, medium
     fidelity visual systems, computer-controlled semi-automated forces and
     full crew simulators to produce an integrated, interoperable and
     affordable battlefield environment.  Within this simulated combat,
     hundreds of operational units can practice war fighting.  The simulated
     environment successfully is training personnel, as well as helping to
     develop new tactics and procedures.  SIMNET is the first truly
     interactive distributed simulation system developed to support
     large-scale, person-in-the-loop, tactical team training on a joint and
     combined arms battlefield.  The system integrates individual simulators
     of varying complexity over a communications network using standard
     distributed simulation protocols.  These protocols allow several hundred
     simulators of different kinds to interact in real time.

29
AN   3823373.
AU   Moshell-J-M.  Xin-Li.  Hughes-C-E.  Blau-B.  Goldiez-B.
IN   Inst. for Simulation & Training, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL,
     USA.
TI   Nap-of-earth flight and realtime simulation of dynamic terrain.
SO   Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical
     Engineering.  vol.1289.  pp. 118-29.  1990.
RF   13 refs.
CT   Cockpit Displays and Visual Simulation.  Orlando, FL, USA.  SPIE.  17-18
     April 1990.
IS   0277-786X.
CD   PSISDG.
LG   eng.
YR   1990.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   B7620.  C7460.  C7150.  C6130B.
DE   aerospace-computing.  aerospace-simulation.  computer-graphics. 
     digital-simulation.  military-computing.
ID   map of earth flight.  protocols.  networked simulation.  redundant
     databases.  computer graphics.  hierarchical database.  flight
     simulation.  realtime simulation.  dynamic terrain.  ground-based
     simulation.  cost/performance.  visual simulation.  SIMNET. 
     object-oriented representation.
AB   The authors report the results of their work on understanding the
     problems associated with dynamic terrain (DT) in networked visual
     training simulators.  Dynamic terrain (construction of emplacements,
     cratering and repair, etc.) is of substantial military interest as
     ground-based simulation becomes a common training technology.  The basic
     cost/performance issues of visual simulation are analyzed with regard to
     the introduction of DT.  An overview of current networking (SIMNET)
     technology for visual simulation is provided, and the difficulty of
     extending the SIMNET paradigm to dynamic terrain is discussed.  An
     object-oriented representation for terrain is suggested, and its
     advantages are described.  The implications of dynamic terrain within
     networked simulation are considered with particular reference to the
     problems of scale imposed by the interaction of high speed aircraft
     flying nap-of-earth (i.e.  at treetop level) and low speed ground vehicle
     simulators.

30
AN   3766769.
AU   Lagathinos-I-B.
TI   SIMNET simulation system.
SO   British Telecommunications Engineering.  vol.9, spec. issue.  pp. 123-4. 
     Aug. 1990.
CT   29th European Telecommunications Congress.  Glasgow, UK.  27 Aug.-1 Sept.
     1990.
IS   0262-401X.
CD   BTEND4.
LG   eng.
YR   1990.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   APPLICATION (A).  PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   UK.
CC   B6210D.  C7410F.
DE   digital-communication-systems.  digital-simulation. 
     telecommunication-network-management.  telecommunications-computing. 
     telephone-networks.
ID   computer networks.  Hellenic Telecommunications Organisation.  network
     management.  digital telephony.
AB   Simulating large computer networks imposes a heavy load both on memory
     requirements and on computer time.  These requirements are approximately
     proportional to N/sup 2/, where N is the number of nodes of the network. 
     SIMNET has been developed by the author for the Hellenic
     Telecommunications Organisation (OTE).  This is perhaps the most
     appropriate time period to introduce SIMNET as a tool of study in the
     Greek network since the digitalisation process is by this time at its
     starting point.  The system is mainly intended to serve the needs of an
     effective network management especially in the field of digital
     telephony.

31
AN   3632439.
AU   Garvey-R-E.
IN   BBN Syst. & Technol. Corp., Fort Knox, KY, USA.
TI   SIMNET-D: extending simulation boundaries.
SO   National Defense.  pp. 40-3.  Nov. 1989.
IS   0092-1491.
CD   NTDFA2.
LG   eng.
YR   1989.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   APPLICATION (A).  PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
GN   DE-AC03-76F00098.
CP   USA.
CC   B7620.  B7990.  B0120.  C7460.
DE   aerospace-simulation.  electronic-equipment-testing.  training.
ID   simulation and training devices.  computer-generated imagery.  field
     training exercises.  sandbox.  criterion.  effectiveness.  SIMNET-D
     technology.
AB   There is a tendency to think of simulation and training devices in the
     context of better and more realistic computer-generated imagery flashing
     across the pilot's eye in real time;  field training exercises where
     'hits' are scored by a laser;  or, at an even more basic (though no less
     necessary) level, in terms of a sandbox filled with models.  However, the
     main criterion used to measure the effectiveness of devices is whether
     the training objective can be accomplished with the device being used in
     a cost-effective manner.  SIMNET-D technology can do this and more.

32
AN   3570854.
AU   Taha-H-A.  Nuno-de-la-Parra-P.
IN   Dept. of Ind. Eng., Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville, AR, USA.
TI   A SIMNET simulation model for estimating system reliability.
SO   Computers & Industrial Engineering.  vol.17.  pp. 317-22.  1989.
RF   7 refs.
CT   11th Annual Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering.  Orlando,
     FL, USA.  15-17 March 1989.
IS   0360-8352.
CD   CINDDL.
LG   eng.
YR   1989.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
RN   CCCC: 0360-8352/89/$3.00+0.00.
CP   UK.
CC   C7160.
DE   digital-simulation.  reliability.
ID   system reliability.  general SIMNET simulation model.  system
     reliability.  minimal cut sets.  block diagram.  time-to-failure. 
     repair.  maintenance.
AB   A general SIMNET simulation model is developed for estimating system
     reliability.  The input data to the model is comprised of the minimal cut
     sets of the block diagram representing the system.  The time-to-failure
     of the (parallel-series) components may be described by different
     distributions.  The model can be readily extended to include repair and
     maintenance of the components.

33
AN   3529305.
AU   Thorley-A-R-D.  Wood-D-J.
IN   Thermo-Fluids Eng. Res. Centre, City Univ., London, UK.
TI   SIMNET-microcomputer modelling of irrigation, water supply and water
     distribution systems.
SO   Software for Engineering Workstations.  vol.5, no.1.  pp.  35-44.  Jan.
     1989.
RF   3 refs.
IS   0266-9463.
CD   SEWOEA.
LG   eng.
YR   1989.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   UK.
CC   C7440.  C7165.
DE   civil-engineering-computing.  microcomputer-applications.  water-supply.
ID   pressure calculation.  flow calculation.  SIMNET.  microcomputer
     modelling.  irrigation.  water supply.  pipe network systems. 
     microcomputers.  microcomputer pipe network programs.  water distribution
     system.
AB   Accurate calculations of pressure and flow conditions in pipe network
     systems are required for their efficient and economical design and
     operation.  The required calculations are extensive and it has been
     recognised for some time that computers are required if these systems are
     to be engineered and managed properly.  Modern microcomputers have
     sufficient capacity to model large complex pipe systems and the use of
     these computers provides some advantages.  There are several features
     which are highly desirable for microcomputer pipe network programs.  The
     description of the SIMNET program which incorporates these features is
     presented.  The application of this well developed and widely used
     microcomputer pipe network model to a typical water distribution system
     is presented.  Examples of both tabular and graphical results useful to
     engineers and management are included.

34
AN   3446267.
AU   Schneider-W.
TI   SIMNET a breakthrough in combat simulator technology?.
SO   International Defense Review.  vol.22, no.4.  pp. 489-91.  April 1989.
IS   0020-6512.
CD   IDRVAL.
LG   eng.
YR   1989.
PT   journal-article (J).
TC   APPLICATION (A).
CP   Switzerland.
CC   B7990.  C7150.
DE   digital-simulation.  military-computing.  military-systems.
ID   military systems.  military computing.  combat simulator.  US Army. 
     real-time duel situation.  simulator network.  SIMNET.  computer program. 
     weapon systems.
AB   The US Army is networking its combat simulators to create a real-time
     duel situation.  This simulator network is called SIMNET.  Normally the
     duel adversary is entered in the simulator by an appropriate computer
     program, but with SIMNET one trainee crew fights another.  Simulator
     networks enable new weapon systems upgrades, changes in performance
     characteristics, and modified operational principles and concepts to be
     tested under realistic battlefield constraints and threats.

35
AN   3406050.
AU   Taha-H-A.
     Edited by: Abrams-M-A.  Haigh-P-L.  Comfort-J-C.
IN   Dept. of Ind. Eng., Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville, AK, USA.
TI   Introduction to SIMNET v2.0.
SO   Published by: SCS.  San Diego, CA, USA.  1988.
RF   10 refs.
CT   1988 Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat.  No.87CH2512-2). 
     San Diego, CA, USA.  pp. 93-101.  IEEE.  American Stat. Assoc.  ACM. 
     IIE.  NBS.  ORSA.  TIMS.  SCS.  12-14 Dec. 1988.
IB   0911801421.
LG   eng.
YR   1988.
PT   conference-proceeding (C).
TC   PRACTICAL OR PRODUCT REVIEW (P).
CP   USA.
CC   C6140D.
DE   simulation-languages.
ID   traffic.  interactive graphics.  SIMNET v2.0.  network-based
     general-purpose discrete simulation language.  design approach.  nodes. 
     source.  queue.  facility.  auxiliary.  assignments.  IF-THEN-ELSE-ENDIF
     constructs.  PROCs.  repetitive elements.  characters.  estimate. 
     transient period.  steady-state run length.  global statistics. 
     interactive mode.  GPSS.  SIMAN.  SLAM.
AB   SIMNET is a network-based general-purpose discrete simulation language
     developed in totally compatible versions for the micro, mini, and
     mainframe computers.  The language utilizes a design approach that limits
     the number of nodes to four: a source, a queue, a facility, and an
     auxiliary.  Traffic among the four nodes is controlled by using special
     assignments, a strategy that is particularly suited for use with the
     IF-THEN-ELSE-ENDIF constructs.  PROCs are used in a stand-alone fashion
     to simulate an entire system with repetitive elements.  A unique feature
     of SIMNET is the use of interactive (characters) graphics to estimate the
     transient period, following which the steady-state run length is
     specified by the user and independent or global statistics are collected,
     all within the interactive mode of execution.  The author compares SIMNET
     with GPSS, SIMAN, and SLAM.