*T-B* = information on text-based virtual reality
Application: Eagles Nest Diving Trainer; Don't Forget to Decompress. _CyberEdge Journal_ issue #20, vol. 4, no. 2 (March/April 1994), p. 18-19. (Reports on Virtual S, 3D Studio program to teach divers about a cave system off the Florida coast.)
Chemistry World. _HIT Lab Review_ no. 4 (Autumn/Winter 1994), p. 12. (_HIT Lab Review_ subscription is available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, WA 98195, USA) (Study by Chris Byrne on virtual chemistry world to teach about atoms and molecules.)
Disabled People Use Virtual Reality. _News for You_ vol. 42, no. 23 (June 15, 1994), p. 3. (Includes VR as way to teach disabled how to drive motorized wheelchair.)
In Virtual Reality, Tools for the Disabled. _The New York Times_ (April 13, 1994), section C, p. 1, 6. (Includes VR as way to teach disabled children how to drive motorized wheelchair, and other projects.)
It's Virtually Educational: Researcher Bill Winn Envisions VR as a Teaching Tool. _InformationWeek_ (March 28, 1994), p. 36.
JASON Project Voyage VI: Island Earth. _Interface_ vol. 4, issue 4 (Spring 1995), p. 7-8. (Student exploration of Kilauea Volcano via telepresence.)
New Computer-Based Technologies as Instructional Tools. _Journal of the American Dietetic Association_ vol. 94, no. 3 (March 1994), p. 286. (Includes virtual reality.)
_ScienceSpace FAQ - the STB VR Lab at Johnson Space Center_. Internet home pages: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/cssb/vr/ScienceSpace.html http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/cssb/vr/ScienceSpace/physics.html (Science education; Physics.) (See also items under Christopher Dede, R. Bowen Loftin, and Marilyn Salzman.)
Special Projects: Education. _HIT Lab Review_ no. 3 (Spring 1994), p. 6. (_HIT Lab Review_ subscription is available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, WA 98195, USA) (Reports on HIT Lab plan to establish Learning Center within Lab for VR related education research.)
_The Learning Center_. (Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, Internet home page of VR projects and papers on VR and education.) Home page: http://www.hitl.washington.edu/projects/education/lc-home.html
The Next Best Thing to Being There: An Exploration of Virtual Reality. _A S E E Prism_ vol. 1 (May 1992), p. 26-29. (American Society for Engineering Education). (General VR.)
The VRRV Project. _HIT Lab Review_ no. 5 (Spring/Summer 1995), p. 4-5. (_HIT Lab Review_ subscription is available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, WA 98195, USA) Reports on HIT Lab project to take VR to the schools. Cover and table of contentsr page (p. 3) show virtual wetlands flora and fauna from "Nitrogen World" created by Kellogg Middle School students.
_Toy Scouts at IST_. Internet home page: http://www.vs1.ist.ucf.edu/~scouts/scouts.html (High school, undergraduate, and graduate students, sponsored by the Institute for Simulation and Training, Visual Systems Laboratory, Orlando, Florida USA. )
_U Can Overview_. Internet home page: http://uu-gna.mit.edu:8001/uu-gna/schools/ucan/ucan.html (U Can Institute, located at Diversity University (moo.du.org 8888) *T-B*
Vanderbilt University: Creating Virtual Engineering Laboratories. _Syllabus_
vol. 8, no. 2 (October 1994), p. 33-35. (Describes virtual laboratory designed
and developed by John R. Bourne and Arthur Brodersen for teaching engineering.)
More information: via Internet home page or ftp:
WWW Home page or FTP site
Virtual Reality and Schools Project. _VR in the Schools_ vol. 1, no. 1 (June 1995), p. 7-9. (_VR in the Schools_ subscription is available from the Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, School of Education, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.) (Description of project and reports by participating teachers Janet McLendon, Debi Hamill, Fred Bisel, Rich Gallo. )
Virtual Reality Roving Vehicles (VRRV). (Human Interface Technology Laboratory Internet home page on VRRV project for students in grades 4 through 12.) Home page: http:www.hitl.washington.edu/projects/education/vrrv/
VR - NASA's Training Vision. _CyberEdge Journal_ vol. 3, no. 3 (May/June 1993), p. 1, 3-5. (Reports on Intelligent Computer Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology conference for persons from NASA and the military, held at Johnson Space Center, near Houston, Texas, USA, May 5-7, 1993.)
VRRV Rolls. _HIT Lab Review_ no. 4 (Autumn/Winter 1994), p. 10-11. (_HIT Lab Review_ subscription is available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, WA 98195, USA) (Virtual Reality Roving Vehicles program, using a van to take VR learning environments to schools.)
Achorn, B., and Badler, N. A Virtual Training Environment with Simulated Agents. In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p. 65-68. Houston, TX, USA: NASA, 1993.
Adams, Nina, and Lang, Laura. VR Improves Motorola Training Program. _AI Expert_ (May 1995), p. 13-14. (Training, using VR, on how to operate robotic assembly lines. )
Ainge, David. Virtual Reality in Australia. _VR in the Schools_ vol. 1, no. 1 (June 1995), p. 3. (_VR in the Schools_ subscription is available from the Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, School of Education, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.) (Primary school and other school uses. )
Aldridge, Susan. Reading, Writing, and Virtual Reality. _Omni_ vol. 15, no. 10 (August 1993), p. 32. (VR project at West Denton High par School in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.)
Allen, Brockenbrough S. Virtualities. _Educational Media and Technology Yearbook_ vol. 17 (1991), p. 47-53. (General, includes visual literacy.)
Alluisi, Earl A. Network and Virtual-World Technologies for Training. In _Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting_, vol. 2, p. 1405-1406. Santa Monica, CA, USA: Human Factors Society, 1990. (Military training.)
Alluisi, Earl A. The Development of Technology for Collective Training: SIMNET, A Case History. _Human Factors_ vol. 33, no. 3 par (June 1991), p. 343-362. (Military training.)
Anderson, Alun. Video-Tunneling to School. _Science_ vol. 253, no. 5024 (September 6, 1991), p. 1090. (Open University system to allow telecourse students to simultaneously work and interact face to face and side by side in a virtual world.)
Auld, Lawrence W. S., and Pantelidis, Veronica S. Exploring Virtual Reality for Classroom Use; The Virtual Reality and Education Lab at East Carolina University. _Tech Trends_ vol. 39, no. 1 (January/February 1994), p. 29-31. (Information about the Lab; includes VR software evaluation guide.)
Avis, N.; Macredie, R.; and Willis, D. The Teaching of Virtual Reality in the United Kingdom. In _Proceedings of the 1st UK VR-SIG Conference, Nottingham, UK_. UK: United Kingdom Virtual Reality Special Interest Group, 1994. Proceedings available at Internet home page: http://pipkin.lut.ac.uk/WWWdocs/LUTCHI/people/sean/ vr-sig / Proceedings.html
Baer, Tony. Viewing Jason's Voyages to the Bottom of the Sea. _Mechanical Engineering_ vol. 111, no. 11 (November 1989), p. 36-42. (Grades 4-12, telepresence.)
Bailey, J. H., and Witmer, B. G. Learning and Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual Environment. In _Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 38th Annual Meeting_, p. 1158-1162. Santa Monica, CA, USA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1994.
Bailey, Sandra. Creating a Virtual Reality as a Perceptual Equivalence for Training. _Educational Media International_ vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 221-223. (General.)
Ballard, Robert D. The JASON Project: Hi-Tech Exploration Promotes Students' Interest in Science. _T. H. E. Journal_ vol. 20, no. 4 (October 1992), p. 70-74. (Grades 4-12, telepresence.)
Barron, Daniel D. Books and Cyberspace: Celebrations of Tradition and Innovation in the School Library Media Program. _School Library Media Activities Monthly_ vol. 9, no. 3 (November 1992), p. 47-50. (School media programs.)
Baum, D. R. Virtual Training Devices: Illusion or Reality? In _Proceedings of the 14th Annual Interservice/Industry Training Equipment and Education Conference. San Antonio, TX, USA, 1992.
Bennahum, David. Fly Me to the MOO: Adventures in Textual Reality. _Lingua Franca_ (May-June 1994), p. 21-26, 28-36. (General, higher education examples of MUD, MUSH, and MOO applications.) *T-B*
Bessemer, D. W. _Transfer of SIMNET Training in the Armor Officer Basic Course_. ARI Technical Report No. 120. Alexandria, VA USA: U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1991.
Bletter, Nathaniel. The Virtues and Vices of Virtual Reality. _Design Quarterly_ no. 159 (Spring 1993), p. 38-44. (Includes education.)
Blum, Kathleen. Improvising in Cyberspace: Virtual Reality and Drama in Education. _Youth Theatre Journal_ vol. 8, no. 4 (1994), p. 27-31. (Drama education.)
Boman, D.; Piantanida, T.; and Schlager, M. _Virtual Environment Systems for Maintenance Training_. Final Report, Volumes 1-4. Menlo Park, CA, USA: SRI International, February 1993.
Boman, D.; Schlager M.; Gille, J.; and Piantanida, T. The Readiness of Virtual Environment Technology for Use in Maintenance Training. In _Proceedings of the 14th Interservice/Industry Training Systems Conference, San Antonio, TX, November 2-5, 1992_, p. 883-891. Washington, DC, USA: National Security Industrial Association, 1992.
Breglia, Denis R., and Fowlkes, David H. Virtual Environment Training Technology. In _Proceedings of the 1991 International Simulation Technology Conference_, p. 204-209. (1991)
Brelsford, J. W. Physics Education in a Virtual Environment. In _Proceedings of The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting, Designing for Diversity_, vol. 2, p. 1286-1290. Santa Monica, CA, USA: Human Factors Society, 1993.
Bricken, Meredith. _A Description of the Virtual Reality Learning Environment_. HIT Lab Technical Report M-90-4. Seattle, WA, USA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, no date. (General.)
Bricken, Meredith. Complexity, Ambiguity and Learning in FiberSpace (abstract). _The Second Conference on Cyberspace, Collected Abstracts, Santa Cruz, April 19-20, 1991_, p. 22-23. (Discusses FiberSpace, a multi-participant system being developed by HITL, and how it might impact schools, educational technology, and learning.)
Bricken, Meredith. _Extended Abstract: Complexity, Ambiguity, and Learning in FiberSpace_. HIT Lab Technical Report M-90-7. Seattle, WA, USA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1990. (Discusses FiberSpace, a multi-participant system being developed by HITL, and how it might impact schools, educational technology, and learning.)
Bricken, Meredith S. _Virtual Reality Learning Environments: Potentials and Challenges_. HIT Lab Technical Report P-91-5. Seattle, WA, USA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1991. (General, includes links to learning theory, aspects of the technology.)
Bricken, Meredith S. Virtual Reality Learning Environments: Potentials and Challenges. _Computer Graphics Magazine_ vol. 25,ar no. 3 (July 1991), p. 178-184. (General, includes links to learning theory, aspects of the technology.)
Bricken, Meredith S., and Byrne, Chris M. Students in Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study. In Alan Wexelblat (ed.), _Virtual Reality: Applications and Explorations_, p. 199-217. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1993. (Research on response to VR technology and virtual worldbuilding by students ages 10-15.)
Bricken, Meredith S, and Byrne, Chris M. _Summer Students in Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study on Educational Applications of VR Technology_. HIT Lab Technical Report R-92-1. Seattle, WA, USA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1992. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 358 853. Available at _The Learning Center_. (Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, Internet home page of VR projects and papers on VR and education.) (Research on response to VR technology and virtual worldbuilding by students ages 10-15.)
Bricken, William. _Learning in Virtual Reality_. HIT Lab Technical Report M-90-5. Seattle, WA, USA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1990. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 359 950. (General.)
Bricken, William. Spatial Representation of Elementary Algebra. In _Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages_, p. 56-62. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1992. (Algebra.)
Bricken, William. _Training in Virtual Reality_. (1990, 3 p.) Paper available on the Internet at ftp site. (General.)
Bricken, William. Training in Virtual Reality. In _Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on Virtual Reality 91: Impacts & Applications, Held in London in June 1991_, p. 46-48. Westport, CT, USA: Meckler Publishing, 1991. (General.)
Brown, D. J.; Cobb, S. V.; Eastgate, R. M.; Gibson, I.; and Smith, P. A. Research Applications of Virtual Reality. _Interactive Learning International_ vol. 8, no. 2 (April 1992), p. 161-163. (Includes training children with learning difficulties.)
Bruckman, Amy. Programming for Fun: MUDs as a Context for Collaborative Learning. (Paper presented at the National Educational Computing Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, June 1994.) (Case study illustrating MUDs as way to learn to program; MediaMOO.) *T-B* Available on the Internet via anonymous ftp from media.mit.edu dir pub/asb/papers files necc94.{ps.Z, rtf.Z, txt} .Z = compressed. Use "uncompress" command. ps = postscript. rtf = rich text format (for any Microsoft product).
Bruckman, Amy. Whole Learning: Three Communities Meet in Cyberspace. (Extended abstract of plenary address at Tenth Computers and Writing Conference, Columbia, Missouri, May 1994.) (Connections between research in computers and writing, constructionism, and whole language.) *T-B* Available on the Internet via anonymous ftp from media.mit.edu dir pub/asb/papers file cwc94.txt
Bruckman, Amy and Resnick, Mitchel. Virtual Professional Community, Results from the MediaMOO Project. (Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Cyberspace (3Cybercon), Austin, Texas, May 1993.) (Experiences with MediaMOO, a text-based, networked, VR environment founded by Bruckman, and value of Constructionist principles to VR design.) *T-B* Available on the Internet via anonymous ftp from media.mit.edu dir pub/asb/papers files MediaMOO-3cyberconf.{ps.Z, rtf.Z, txt} .Z = compressed. Use "uncompress" command. ps = postscript. rtf = rich text format (for any Microsoft product).
Buckert-Donelson. VR People: Dean Inman. _VR World_ vol. 3, no. 1 (January/February 1995), p. 23-26. (Interview with director of VR project to train disabled children to maneuver motorized wheelchairs.)
Byrne, Chris. Students Explore VR Technology. _HIT Lab Review_ no. 1 (Winter 1992), p. 6-7. (_HIT Lab Review_ subscription is available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, WA 98195, USA) (Pacific Science Center - HITL joint program on virtual reality for summer camp students, ages 9-15.)
Byrne, Chris (contact). High School Chemistry Education and Virtual Reality. _The Learning Center_. (Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, Internet home page of VR projects and papers on VR and education.)
Byrne, Chris (contact). HIV and at Risk Youth. _The Learning Center_. (Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, Internet home page of VR projects and papers on VR and education.)
Byrne, Chris. _Virtual Reality and Education_. Report No. R-93-2. Seattle, WA, USA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, 1993.
Byrne, C.; and Furness, T., III. Virtual Reality and Education.ar In J. Wright and D. Benzie (eds.), _Proceedings of the IFIP W63.5 International Working Conference on Exploring a New Partnership: Children, Teachers and Technology_. (A-58). Amsterdam: Elsevier, North-Holland, 1994.
Calvin, J.; Dickens, A.; Gaines, B.; Metzger, P.; Miller, D.; and Owen, D. The SIMNET Virtual Worlds Architecture. In _Proceedings of IEEE 1993 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '93_, p. 450-455. Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE Service Center, 1993. (Military training.)
Carr, Clay. Is Virtual Reality Virtually Here? _Training & Development_ vol. 46, no. 10 (October 1992), p. 36-41. (Best training uses.)
Cater, J. P., and Huffman, S. D. Use of Remote Access Virtual Environment Network (RAVEN) for Coordinated IVA-EVA Astronaut Training and Evaluation. _Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments_ vol. 4, no. 2 (Spring 1995), p. 103-109. (Training for Hubble Space Telescope repair.)
Christel, Michael. Virtual Reality Today on a PC. _Instruction Delivery Systems_ vol. 6, no. 4 (July/August 1992), p. 6-9. (VR in a digital video course teaching code inspection process.)
Cleal, B.; Giles, W.; and Schroeder, R. Virtual Reality im Sprachunterricht fur Sprachbehinderte. 'Virtual Reality as a Tool for Teaching Language to the Learning DisabledÂ. In H. J. Warnecke and H. J. Bullinger (eds.), _Virtual Reality: Anwendungen und Trends_. Berlin: Springer, 1994. (Learning disabled.)
Clower, Kathleen; Basse, Mark; and Florida Community College at Jacksonville. _Teaching, Learning & Technology. Part 4. Virtual Reality_. (Teresa Middleton, Randal Walser, and David Warner.) Taped off-air November 11, 1993. 'Videocassette, about 60 minutes, Color, 1/2 inchÂ
Cole, George. Virtual Explorers. _Times Educational Supplement_ no. 4041, (December 10, 1993), p. 35. (General.)
Cornell, Richard. Virtual Reality Examined...How Virtuous is the Reality? _Educational Media International_ vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 211, 213. (Introduction to issue devoted to VR in education.)
Cornell, Richard; Bailey, Dan; and Bollet, Robert. Virtual Reality; Therapeutic Tool or Time Bomb? _Educational Media International_ vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 247-249. (Psychological implications.)
Coughlan, Sean. Wherefore Art Thou, Super Romeo? _Times Educational Supplement_ no. 4052 (February 25, 1994), p. SS17A.ar (Globe Theatre's education room will feature VR display that transports visitors back to the Globe of Shakespeare's day, developed by Sun Microsystems.)
Damarin, Suzanne K. Schooling and Situated Knowledge: Travel or Tourism? _Educational Technology_ vol. 33, no. 3 (March 1993), p. 27-32. (Includes role of VR in situated learning.)
Davidson, Clive. Pupils Put Virtual Reality to the Test. (Dimension International's Desktop VR System) (West Denton High School Alpha Tests a Virtual Reality Project). _Computer Weekly_ vol. 42 (April 30, 1992).
Dede, Chris. Visualizing Cognition: Depicting Mental Models in Cyberspace (abstract). _Collected Abstracts from the First Conference on Cyberspace, Austin, May 4-5, 1990_, p. 20-21. Austin, TX, USA: School of Architecture, the University of Texas at Austin. (Design of a computational tool to visually depict categories and interrelationships underlying technical subject matter.)
Dede, Christopher. Evolving from Multimedia to Virtual Reality. _Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 1994: Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 93-World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia_, p. 123-130. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, 1993.
Dede, Christopher J. The Future of Multimedia: Bridging to Virtual Worlds. _Educational Technology_ vol. 32, no. 5 (May 1992), p. 54-60. (Visualization and virtual communities.)
Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn; Calhoun, Craig; Loftin, R. Bowen; Hoblit, Jeff; and Regian, J. Wesley. The Design of Artificial Realities to Improve Learning Newtonian Mechanics. In _Proceedings of the 1994 East-West International Conference on Multimedia, Hypermedia, and Virtual Reality, 1994.
Dede, Chris; Loftin, R. Bowen; and Salzman, Marilyn. _The Potential of Virtual Reality Technology to Improve Science Education_. Paper presented at the Conference on New Media for Global Communication from an East West Perspective, Moscow, Russia, September 15, 1994. (Science education.)
DeLoughry, Thomas J. For the Community of Scholars, 'Being Connected' Takes On a Whole New Meaning. _The Chronicle of Higher Education_ vol. 41, no. 10 (November 2, 1994), p. A25-A26. (Mentions VR work of Veronica Pantelidis. Cover of this issue is a photograph of Pantelidis with 3D glasses.)
Dietzel, Richard; Bird, Mary; Kohler, Ann; and Olmstead, Phyllis. Adding Virtual Technology to the Curriculum - A Fictional Example. _Educational Media International_ vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 238-241. (Describes course on VR.)
Donelson, Angela. Fighting Fires in Virtual Worlds. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 2, no. 6 (November/December 1994), p. 6-7. (Training firefighters.)
Dovey, Michael E. Virtual Reality: Training in the 21st Century.r _Marine Corps Gazette_ vol. 78, no. 7 (July 1994), p. 23-25. (Military.)
Dowding, Tim J. A Self-Contained Interactive Motorskill Trainer. In Sandra Kay Helsel (ed.) _Beyond the Vision: The Technology, Research, and Business of Virtual Reality; Proceedings of Virtual Reality '91, the Second Annual Conference on Virtual Reality, Artificial Reality, and Cyberspace, San Francisco, September 23-25, 1991_, p. 44-50. Westport, CN, USA: Meckler, 1992.
Dowding, Tim J. Virtual Reality - Is It for Real? _Performance & Instruction_ vol. 33, no. 7 (August 1994), p. 20-23. (Motor skills training.)
Dunkley, Peta. Virtual Reality in Medical Training. _Lancet_ vol. 343, no. 8907 (May 14, 1994), p. 1218. (Medical training.)
Durlach, N. I.; Aviles, W. A.; Pew, R. W.; DiZio, P. A.; and Zeltzer, D. L., eds. _Virtual Environment Technology for Training (VETT)_. Cambridge, MA, USA: BBN, March 1992. (BBN Report No. 7661.)
Dykman, Ann. Fantasy as an Educational Tool. _Vocational Education Journal_ vol. 69, no. 6 (September 1994), p. 38-39. (General.)
Egsegian, R.; Pottman, K.; Farmer, K.; and Zobel, R. Practical Applications of Virtual Reality to Firefighter Training. In _Proceedings of the 1993 Simulations Multiconference on the International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference_, p. 155-160. San Diego, CA, USA: Society of Computer Simulation, 1993.
Engel, T.; Applegate, R. II; and Applegate, P. An Interactive Electronics Book for Learning Transesophageal Echocardiography. In R. M. Satava, K. Morgan, and H. B. Sieburg, et al (eds.), _Proceedings of the Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare_, p. 112-113. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1995. (Medical education.)
Falby, J. S.; Zyda, M. J.; Pratt, D. R.; and Wilson, K. P. Educational and Technological Foundations for the Construction of a 3D Virtual World. In Sandra Helsel (ed.), _Proceedings of Virtual Reality '92, VR Becomes a Business_, p. 190-208. Westport, CT, USA: Meckler Publishing, 1992.
Faulkner, D. J., and McCluskey, J. J. Beginner's Special Feature: Virtual Reality in the Classroom. _HyperNEXUS Journal_ vol. 4, no. 2 (1994), p. 10-12.
Ferrington, Gary, and Loge, Kenneth. Virtual Reality: A New Learning Environment. _The Computing Teacher_ vol. 19, no. 7 (April 1992), p. 16-19. (General.)
Fox, G. C; Furmans, K. W.; Nilan, M. S.; and Small, R. V. _Assessing Virtual Reality for Education. Assessment Task_. Syracuse, NY, USA: NPAC, Syracuse University, January 1, 1994.
Fritz, Mark. The World of Virtual Reality. _Training_ vol. 28, no. 2 (February 1991), p. 45-50. (High school, industry, military training uses.)
Gay, Eben. Is Virtual Reality a Good Teaching Tool? _Virtual Reality Special Report_ vol. 1, no. 4 (Winter 1994), p. 51-60. (Cell biology project at The Computer Museum, Boston, Massachusetts. )
Gay, Eben. Virtual Cell Biology. In _SIGGRAPH '94: Visual Proceedings. Computer Graphics Annual Conference Series_, p. 166-167. New York, NY: ACM SIGGRAPH, 1994.
Gay, Eben. Virtual Reality at the Natrona County School System: Building Virtual Worlds on a School Budget. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 2, no. 6 (November/December 1994), p. 44-47. (4th, 5th, and 6th grades and high school uses.)
Gay, Eben. VR Sparks Education. _PIX-Elation_ no. 10 (1994), p. 14-17. (_PIX-Elation_ is the journal of the Virtual Reality Alliance of Students and Professionals, P. O. Box 4139, Highland Park, NJ 08904-4139, USA; email kaugust@caip.rutgers.edu) (Describes Cell Biology Virtual World project at The Computer Museum, Boston, Massachusetts USA.)
Geake, Elisabeth. Computer Games Make Learning Virtually Irresistible. _New Scientist_ vol. 134, no. 1816 (April 11, 1992), p. 19. (Includes school applications.)
Gembicki, Mark, and Rousseau, David. Naval Applications of Virtual Reality. _Virtual Reality 93 Special Report_, p. 67-72. Published by _AI Expert_, (Miller Freeman Inc., 600 Harrison St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.) (Includes Navy training uses.)
Gilkey, R. H. _Use of Virtual Environment Training Technology for Individual Combat Simulation. Final Report_. (Report No. ADA2530368XSP). Springfield, VA, USA: NTIS, 1992.
Goodlett, James C. Jr. Cyberspace in Architectural Education (abstract). In _Collected Abstracts from the First Conference on Cyberspace, Austin, May 4-5, 1990_, p. 36-37. Austin, TX, USA: School of Architecture, The University of Texas at Austin. (Uses of cyberspace medium in architectural education.)
Grant, F. L.; McCarthy, L. S.; Pontecorvo, M. S.; and Stiles, R. J. Training in Virtual Environments. In _Proceedings of the 1991 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training. Houston, Texas, November 20-22, 1991_, p. 320-333.
Haines-Stiles, Geoff. Live from Other Worlds: A Pilot Electronic Field Trip. _The Planetary Report_ vol. 14, no. 6 (November/December 1994, p. 14. (_The Planetary Report_ is a publication of The Planetary Society, 65 North Catalina Avenue, Pasadena, California 91106-2301, USA.) (Describes student telepresence activities in television programs, _Live From Other Worlds_ and _Live From Antarctica_ , linking students with NASA scientists in Antarctica.)
Harm, D. L.; Guedry, F. E.; Parker, D. E.; and Reschke, M. F. Development and Implementation of Inflight Neurosensory Training for Adaptation/Readaption (INSTAR). In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology_, p. 402-406. Houston, TX, USA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.
Harmon, Stephen W., and Kenney, Patrick J. Virtual Reality Training Environments: Contexts and Concerns. _Educational Media International_ vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 228-237. (Advantages, disadvantages, reasons to use VR, and a case study on VR training for Hubble Space Telescope repair.
Hedberg, John, and Alexander, Shirley. Virtual Reality in Education: Defining Researchable Issues. _Educational Media International_ vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 214-220. (General research areas.)
Heeter, C. _Comparing Child and Adult Reactions to Educational VR_. Paper presented at the Meckler Virtual Reality '94 Conference, San Jose, California, USA, May 13, 1994.
Helsel, Sandra. Virtual Reality and Education. _Educational Technology_ vol. 32, no. 5 (May 1992), p. 38-42. (General.)
Helsel, S. K. Virtual Reality as a Learning Medium. _Instructional Delivery Systems_ vol. 6, no. 4 (1992), p. 4-5. (General.)
Helsel, S. K., and Roth, J. P. VR in Education. SALT Multimedia Conference. _CyberEdge Journal_ no. 2 (March/April, 1991), p. 3.
Henderson, Joseph. Designing Realities: Interactive Media, Virtual Realities, and Cyberspace. In Sandra K. Helsel and Roth, Judith Paris (eds.), _Virtual Reality: Theory, Practice, and Promise_, p. 65-73.ar Westport, CT, USA: Meckler Publishing, 1991. (Designing VR training programs. Describes combat training programs, Regimental Surgeon and Traumabase.)
Hill, Maggie. What's New in Virtual Reality? _Electronic Learning_ vol. 12, no 2 (October 1992), p. 10. (Short items on equipment and software.)
Hirose, M.; Taniguchi, M.; Nakagaki, Y.; and Nihei, K. Virtual Playgrounds and Communication Environments for Children. _IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, E-77-D(9)_, p. 1330-1334. September 1994.
Hoffman, H. M. Virtual Reality and the Medical Curriculum: Integrating Extant and Emerging Technologies. In _Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics_, p. 73-76. San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates, 1994.
Hoffman, H. M. Virtual Reality Meets Medical Education. In R. M. Satava, K. Morgan, and H. B. Sieburg, et al (eds.), _Proceedings of the Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare_, p. 130-136. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1995.
Holden, Lynn, and others. Carnegie Mellon's STUDIO for Creative Inquiry and The Interdisciplinary Teaching Network (ITeN) and Interactive Fiction and The Networked Virtual Art Museum. _Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science_ vol. 19, no. 1 (October/November 1992), p. 9-14. (Ancient Egypt Prototype, interactive fiction system, art museum.)
Holdsworth, Nick. Driving to a New World. _Times Educational Supplement_ no. 4014 (June 4, 1993), p. SS17. (VR and children with severe learning difficulties, problems with abstracts and complex language.)
Homan, Willem J. Virtual Reality: Real Promises and False Expectations. _Educational Media International_ vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 224-227. (General.)
Hriber, Dennis C.; May, David C.; and Probsdorfer, James A.. Virtual Environment Training: Auxiliary Machinery Room (AMR) Watchstation Trainer. _Journal of Instructional Delivery Systems_ vol. 7, no. 2 (Spring 1993), p. 9-17. (Training submarine crew.)
Hughes, Charles E., and Moshell, J. Michael. ExploreNet. In Carl Eugene Loeffler and Tim Anderson (eds.), _The Virtual Reality Casebook_, p. 118-122. New York, NY, USA: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994. (Describes networked simulator designed to support presentation of virtual worlds for mathematics and social and natural sciences for grades 6-12.)
Jacobson, Linda. Reading, 'Riting, 'Rithmetic, and Reality. _Virtual Reality 93 Special Report_, p. 39-42. Published by _AI Expert_, (Miller Freeman Inc., 600 Harrison St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA). (Interview with John Morrison, dean of CAD Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.)
Jense, G. J., and Kuijper, F. Applying Virtual Environments to Training and Simulation. The Annual Meeting of the Applied Vision Association, "Simulated and Virtual Realities." Abstract in _Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians_ vol. 13, no. 4 (1993), p. 434-440.
Jense, G. J. H. Virtual Environments for Design Training, and Decision Support. _Virtual Reality World '95_, p. 181-192. Munich, Germany: IDG Conference and Seminars, 1995.
Johnson, A. D., and Cutt, P. S. Tactile Feedback and Virtual Environments for Training. In _Proceedings of the 1991 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training, Houston, Texas, November 20-22, 1991_, p. 334.
Johnson, D. LaMont. A Virtual Classroom for Teacher Training? _Computers in the Schools_ vol. 9, no. 1 (1992), p. 1-5. (General.)
Johnston, Rob. Is It Live or Is It Memorized? _Virtual Reality Special Report_ vol. 2, no. 3 (July/August 1995), p. 53-56. (Memory and training using VR.)
Kalawsky, Roy S. The Realities of Using Visually Coupled Systems for Training Applications. In _Proceedings of Helmet-Mounted Displays III. SPIE, April 21-22, 1992_ vol. 1695, p. 72-82. Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. (Problems and limitations to be overcome.)
Kelly, Richard V., Jr. VR and the Educational Frontier. _Virtual Reality Special Report_ vol. 1, no. 3 (Fall 1994), p. 7; 9-15. (General.)
Kenney, Patrick J., and Saito, Tim. _Results of a Survey on the Use of a Virtual Environment Technology in Training NASA Flight Controllers for Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission_. (Contract No. NAS 9-18630.) Houston, TX, USA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994. (Training for repair mission in space.)
Knox, David; Schacht, Caroline; and Turner, Jack. Virtual Reality: A Proposal for Treating Test Anxiety in College Students. _College Student Journal_ vol. 27, no. 3 (September 1993), p. 294-296. (Proposal to use VR to lessen test anxiety.)
Kongshem, Lars. My Visit to the Virtual World: Welcome to a Place Where Nothing Is Quite What It Seems. _The Electronic School_ (September 1994), p. A32-A33. (This issue of _The Electronic School_ is an insert in _The American School Board Journal_ vol. 181, no. 9, September 1994.) (Description of personal VR experience.)
Kopf, Michael. Teaching About High Tech: Virtual Reality - A Step Toward Supertechnologies. _Tech Directions_ vol. 52, no. 2 (September 1992), p. 13-14. (General applications.)
Kozak, J. J.; Hancock, P. A.; Arthur, E. J.; and Chrysler, S. T. Transfer of Training from Virtual Reality. _Ergonomics_ vol. 36, no. 7 (1993), p. 777-784. (Experiment with adults on pick-and-place training.)
Lampton, Donald R.; Knerr, Bruce W.; Goldberg, Stephen L.; Bliss, James P.; Moshell, J. Michael; and Blau, Brian S. The Virtual Environment Performance Assessment Battery (VEPAB): Development and Evaluation. _Presence_ vol. 3, no. 2 (Spring 1994), p. 145-157. (Describes VEPAB, a set of tasks to measure human performance in 3D, interactive virtual environments.)
Lanier, Jaron. Virtual Reality: The Promise of the Future. _Interactive Learning International_ vol. 8, no. 4 (1992), p. 275-279. (General, with educational applications.)
Lemke, J. L. Education, Cyberspace, and Change Serial Article Online. _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ vol. 1, no. 1 (March 1993), 18 p. To retrieve this article electronically, send the following email message: LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU; GET LEMKE V1N1 (Based on Internet discussion in Australia in connection with a 1992 conference. Future of VR and education, roles of cyberspace, cyborgs, ecocybersystems, and education, etc.)
Lerman, Josh. Virtue Not to Ski? _Skiing_ vol. 45, no. 6 (February 1993), p. 20. (VR ski training system.)
Levinson, W. H., and Pew, R. W. Use of Virtual Environment Training Technology for Individual Combat Simulation. Final Report_. (Report No. ADA2635464XSP). Cambridge, MA, USA: BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation, 1993.
Lewis, Joan E. Virtual Reality: Ready or Not! _TECHNOS_ vol. 3, no. 1 (Spring 1994), p. 12-17. (General.)
Lewis, Peter H. The Technology of Tomorrow: Here's a Taste of What You Can Expect in 21st Century Schools. _Principal_ vol. 71, no. 2 (November 1991), p. 6-7. (Brief mention of VR.) Loeffler, Carl Eugene. Networked Virtual Reality: Applications forar Industry, Education and Entertainment. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer 1993), p. g-i. (Includes projects with educational applications.)
Loftin, R. Bowen; Engelberg, Mark; and Benedetti, Robin. Applying Virtual Reality in Education: A Prototypical Virtual Physics par Laboratory. In _Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality_, p. 67-74. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993. (Describes VR system to teach physics.)
Loftin, R. B.; Engelberg, M.; and Benedetti, R. Virtual Controls for Interactive Environments: A Virtual Physics Laboratory. In _Proceedings of Society for Information Display, 1993 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers_, vol. XXIV, p. 823-826. Playa del Rey, CA, USA: Society for Information Display, 1993.
Loftin, R. B.; Engelberg, M.; and Benedetti, R. Virtual Environments for Science Education: A Virtual Physics Laboratory. In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology_, p. 191-202. Houston, TX, USA: NASA, 1993. (Describes VR system to teach physics.)r Loftin, R. B.; Ota, D.; Saito, T.; and Voss, M. A Virtual Environment for Laparoscopic Surgical Training. In _Proceedings of Medicine Meetsar Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology and Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics_, p. 121-123. San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates, 1994.
Loftin, R. Bowen; Kenney, Patrick J.; Benedetti, Robin; Culbert, Chris; Engelberg, Mark; Jones, Robert; Lucas, Paige; Menniger, Mason; Muratore, John; Nguyen, Lac; Saito, Tim; Savely, Robert T; and Voss, Mark. _Virtual Environments in Training: NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Mission_. 1994. Available from Internet home page: (Training for repair mission in space.)
Lowenstein, Ronnie, and Barbee, David E. _The New Technology: Agent of Transformation_. Washington, DC: Department of Labor, Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Development, 1990. 11 p. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 329 248) (Includes VR.)
Lynch, Patrick J. Low-Rent Virtual Reality, 3-D, and Multimedia. _Syllabus_ vol. 8, no. 4 (January 1995), p. 21-23. (Reviews 3-D software, ViewPoint 3-D Datasets and Strata StudioPro, and par multimedia use.)
Marcus, Stephen. Reading and Writing: Virtually Yours. _Electronic Learning_ Special Edition vol. 11, no. 8 (May/June 1992), p. 26. (VR, reading and writing.)
Marcus, Stephen. Virtual Realities: From the Concrete to the Barely Imaginable. In Harry J. Murphy (ed.), _Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities. Conference Proceedings, Los Angeles, CA, March 18-21, 1992_, p. 31-35. Northridge, CA, USA: CSUN Office of Disabled Student Services, 1992. (General.)
Marcus, Stephen. Virtual Realities and the Future of Text. _The Quarterly of the National Writing Project & the Center for the Study of Writing and Literacy_ vol. 14, no. 2 (Spring 1992), p. 6-8. (Virtual books, reading, and writing.)
Mastaglio, Thomas W., and Callahan, Robert. A Large-Scale Complex Virtual Environment for Team Training. _Computer_ vol. 28, no 7 (July 1995), p. 49-56. (Military training system using distributed interactive simulation - DIS.)
McCarthy, L.; Pontecorvo, M.; Grant, F.; and Stiles, R. Spatial Considerations for Instructional Development in a Virtual Environment. In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology_, p.180-189. Houston, TX, USA: NASA, 1993.
McCluskey, Jim. A Primer on Virtual Reality. _T. H. E. Journal_ vol. 20, no. 5 (December 1992), p. 56-59. (General.)
McCluskey, Jim. Educational Applications of Virtual Reality: Medium or Myth? In Sandra Helsel (ed.), _Beyond the Vision: The Technology, Research and Business of Virtual Reality; Proceedings of Virtual Reality '91, the Second Annual Conference on Virtual Reality, Artificial Reality, and Cyberspace, San Francisco, September 23-25, 1991_, p. 148-153. Westport, CT, USA: Meckler Publishing, 1991. (General.)
McCluskey, Jim. Educational Applications of Virtual Reality: Medium or Myth? _Syllabus_ no. 29 (September/October 1993), p. 10. (Changing educational perspectives; research projects.)
McCluskey, Jim. Educational Applications of Virtual Reality: Medium or Myth?. In Sandra Kay Helsel (ed.), _Beyond the Vision; the Technology, Research and Business of Virtual Reality_, p. 148-152. Westport, CT USA: Meckler Publishing, 1992. (Changing educational perspectives; research projects.)
McDonough, James. Doorways to the Virtual Battlefield. In Sandra K. Helsel (ed.), _VR Becomes a Business. Proceedings of Virtual Reality '92, San Jose, September 1992_, p. 104-114. Westport, CT, USA: Meckler Corporation, 1993. (Military training; SIMNET, distributed interactive simulation.)
McGovern, K. _Surgical Training_. Paper presented at the Virtual Reality Expo '94, New York, New York, USA, November 30, 1994.
McGrath, E. _Team Training at Virtual Worlds Center_. Paper presented at the Meckler Virtual Reality '94 Conference, San Jose, California, USA, May 13, 1994.
McKeown, Sally. Learning Through a Looking-Glass Universe. _Times Educational Supplement_ no. 3984 (November 6, 1992), Supp. UPDATE p. 13. (Teaching students with severe learning difficulties, using Superscape. See also D. J. Brown, et al., above.)
McKeown, Sally, and Stone, Nina. Steps Towards Another World. _Times Educational Supplement_ no. 4086 (October 21, 1994),ar p. VIII. (Disabled students and VR.)
McLellan, Hilary. 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology. _Virtual Reality Report_ vol. 3, no. 5 (June 1993), p. 11-16. (Reports on conference held at Johnson Space Center, May 5-7, 1993.)
McLellan, Hilary. Avatars, Affordances, and Interfaces: Virtualr Reality Tools for Learning. In R. A. Braden; D. G. Beauchamp; and J. Baca (eds.), _Visual Literacy in the Digital Age_. Blacksburg, VA, USA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1994.
McLellan, Hilary. Beam Me Up to My Avatar. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 2, no. 2 (March 1994), p. 33-39.
McLellan, Hilary. Envisioning Virtual Realities. _International Visual Literacy Review_ vol. 24, no. 4 (November 1994), p. 3-4.
McLellan, Hilary. Low Cost Virtual Reality. _Journal of Computer Science Education_ vol. 6, no. 3 (1992), p. 5-7. (Describes some par inexpensive hardware and software for educational use.)
McLellan, Hilary. New Computer Interfaces: Virtual Reality. _Journal of Computer Science Education_ vol. 6, no. 2 (1991), p. 7-13.
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Environments and Situated Learning. _Multimedia Review_ vol. 2, no. 3 (Fall 1991), p. 30-37. (Training in a virtual situated environment.)
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Field Trips: The Jason Project. _VR World_ vol. 3, no. 1 (January/February 1995), p. 49-50. (Telepresence, grades 4-12.)
McLellan, Hilary. _Virtual Reality; A Selected Bibliography_. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Educational Technology Publications, 1992. (Includes education.)
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Reality: A Learning Tool for Multiple Intelligences. _Virtual Reality Report_ vol. 4, no. 2 (February 1994), p. 8-10. (VR applications examples for types of intelligence.)
McLellan, Hilary. _Virtual Reality: Case Studies in Design for Collaboration & Learning_. Medford, NJ, USA: Learned Information, Inc., 1994.
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Reality: Escaping Flatland. _Missouri Journal of Educational Technology_ vol. 15, no. 1 (Spring, 1992), p. 16-22.
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Reality: Some Guideposts for Educators. _HyperNEXUS Journal_ vol. 4, no. 2 (Winter 1993), p. 4-6. (General.)
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Reality: Visualization in Three Dimensions. In R. A. Braden; D. G. Beauchamp; and J. Baca (eds.), _Imagery in Science and the Arts_, p. 335-342. Blacksburg, VA, USA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1993.
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Reality: Visualization in Three Dimensions. In _Art, Science & Visual Literacy: Selected Readings from the Annual Conference of the 24th International Virtual Literacyar Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 30 - October 4, 1992. 9 p. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 363 322)
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Reality and Multiple Intelligences: Potentials for Higher Education. _Journal of Computing in Higher Education_ vol. 5, no. 2 (Spring 1994), p. 33-66.
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Reality and Visual Design. In Judy Clark Baca; Darrell G. Beauchamp; and Roberts A. Braden (eds.), _Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures_ p. 419-430. Blacksburg, VA, USA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1992. (Design issues and applying VR as tool for learning.)
McLellan, Hilary. Virtual Reality Goes to School. _Computers in the Schools_ vol. 9, no. 4 (1993), p. 5-12. (General.)
McLellan, Hilary. Why Focus on Virtual Reality? _HyperNexus Journal_ vol. 4, no. 2 (Spring 1994), p. 8-9.
Means, Barbara. (Moderator). _Virtual Reality and Learning_. Panel at SRI International/VPL Conference on Virtual Worlds. Videocassette, 120 minutes, Color, VHS, NTSCÂ Available through Art Com VHS Distribution Catalog, Art Com, POB-193123 Rincon Annex, San Francisco, CA 94119-3123, USA. Telephone: 415-431-7524
Merickel, Mark L. The Creative Technologies Project: Will Training in 2D/3D Graphics Enhance Kids' Cognitive Skills? _T. H. E. Journal_ vol. 18, no. 5 (December 1990), p. 55-58. (Elementary grades students, ages 9-11.)
Merickel, Mark L. A Study of the Relationship between Perceived Realism and the Ability of Children to Create, Manipulate and Utilize Mental Images in Solving Problems (Problem-Solving, Creativity). _Dissertation Abstracts International_ vol. 52 (1991), p. 1719A. (Elementary grades students, ages 9-11.)
Merickel, Mark L. _A Study of the Relationship between Virtual Reality (Perceived Realism) and the Ability of Children to Create, Manipulate and Utilize Mental Images for Spatially Related Problem Solving_. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the National School Boards Association, Orlando, Florida, USA, April 25-28, 1992. 9 p. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 352 942) (Elementary grades students, ages 8-11.)
Merril, J. R. VR for Medical Training and Trade Show "Fly-Paper." _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 2, no. 3 (May 1994), p. 53-57. (Medical education.)
Merril, J. R. _VR in Medical Education: Use for Trade Shows and Individual Physician Education_. Paper presented at the Virtual Reality '94 Conference, San Jose, California, USA, May 12, 1994. (Medical education.)
Merril, Jonathan. R. Surgery on the Cutting-Edge: Virtual Reality Applications in Medical Education. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 1, nos. 3-4 (November/December 1993), p. 34-38. (Medical education.)
Merril, Jonathan R. Why I Simulate Surgery ... Notes from the Surgical Field. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 2, no. 6 (November/December 1994), 54-57. (Medical education.)
Merril, Jonathan; Millman, Alan; Raju, Rakesh; and Roy, Rita. Windowr to the Soul: Teaching Physiology of the Eye. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 3, no. 1 (November/December 1993), p. 51-53. (Medical education.)
Merril, J. R.; Raju, R.; and Roy, R. T. VR Applications in Medical Education. _Virtual Reality Special Report_ no. 1 (1994), p. 61-66.r (Medical education.)
Merril, J. R.; Roy, R.; and Raju, R. Virtual Reality for Trade Shows and Individual Physician Training. _Virtual Reality Systems_ vol. 1, no. 3 (1994), p. 40-44. (Medical education.)r Meyer, Catherine, and Dunn-Roberts, Richard. Virtual Reality: A Strategy for Training in Cross-Cultural Communication. _Educational Media International_ vol. 29, no. 3 (September 1992), p. 175-180. (Cross-cultural communication.)
Middleton, Teresa. Applications of Virtual Reality to Learning. _Interactive Learning International_ vol. 8, no. 4 (October-December 1992, p. 253-257. (General.) Reprinted in John Hirschbuhl (ed.), _Computer Studies: Computers in Education_, p. 183-185. Guilford, CT, USA: The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 1993.
Middleton, Teresa; Walser, Randal; and Warner, David Jay. _Virtual Reality_. Satellite blockfeed, November 11, 1993, based on presentation at the Fourth Annual National Conference on College Teaching and Learning, 1993. PBS Adult Learning Satellite Service, 1320 Braddock Pl., Alexandria, VA 22314-1698, USA. Phone 1-800-257-2578. Fax 703.739.8495 or 703.730.0775 See also Clower; Basse; and Florida Community College.
Mikropoulos, T. A.; Katsikis, A.; and Chalkidis, A. _Virtual Environments for Environmental Education_. 1994. Paper available from Dr. T. A. Mikropoulos, Department of Primary Education, University of Ioannina, Doboli 30, GR-4510, Ioannina, Greece. email amikrop@cc.uoi.gr (Environmental education.)
Mikropoulos, Tassos A. Virtual Reality in Greece. _VR in the Schools_ vol. 1, no. 1 (June 1995), p. 4. (_VR in the Schools_ subscription is available from the Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, School of Education, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.) (Environmental education projects at the University of Ioannina.for primary and secondary education.)
Milheim, William D. Virtual Reality and Its Potential Applications in Education and Training. _Machine-Mediated Learning_ vol. 5, no. 1 (1995), p. 43-55.
Miller, Erez Cedric. Special Experiences for Exceptional Students: Integrating Virtual Reality into Special Education Classrooms. In Robert A. Braden; Judy Clark Baca; and Darrell G. Beauchamp (eds.), _Art, Science & Visual Literacy: Selected Readings from the Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association (24th, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 30-October 4, 1992)_, p. 326-334. Blacksburg, VA USA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1993. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 363 321 - microfiche. Hardcopy not available from EDRS.) (Special education.)
Mohl, Robert Frank. _Cognitive Space in the Interactive Movie Map: An Investigation of Spatial Learning in Virtual Environments_. par (Boston, MA, USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Education and Media Technology. PhD dissertation, 1982.)
Montefusco, Diego. Tutte le Scuole del Mondo; A Lezione di RV. _Virtual_ no. 9 (May 1994), p. 22-26. (In Italian. Information on _Virtual_, via Carlo Ravizza 53/A, Milan 20149, Italy, is available via email: virtual@relay1.iunet.it phone: 02/48010171 fax: 02/4982098) (Lists and describes all higher education programs in the world which have VR degrees or VR courses.) ar Moore, Noel. How to Create a Low-Cost Virtual Reality Network. _Educational Media International_ vol. 30, no. 1 (March 1993), p. 37-39. (Shared electronic environments.)
Moshell, Michael. Virtual Environments in the US Military. _Computer_ vol. 26 (February 1993), p. 81-82. (Military training.)
Moshell, Michael; Blau, Brian; and Dunn-Roberts, Richard. Virtual Environments for Military Training: SIMNET, Ender's Game, and Beyond. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer 1993), p. v-ad. (_Virtual Reality World_ was an insert in _Multimedia Review_.)
Moshell, J. M.; Blau, B. S.; Knerr, B.; Lampton, D. R.; and Bliss, J. P. A Research Testbed for Virtual Environment Training Applications. In _Proceedings of IEEE 1993 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '93_, p. 486-491. Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE Service Center, 1993.
Moshell, J. Michael; Dunn-Roberts, Richard; and Goldiez, Brian. SIMNET and Ender's Game: Military Training in Cyberspace (abstract). _Collected Abstracts from the First Conference on Cyberspace, Austin, May 4-5, 1990_, p. 69-70. Austin, TX, USA: School of Architecture, The University of Texas at Austin. (Military training, SIMNET.)
Moshell, J. Michael, and Hughes, Charles E. Shared Virtual Worlds forar Education. _Virtual Reality World_ vol. 2, no. 1 (January/February 1994), p. 63-74.
Moshell, J. M., and Hughes, C. E. _The Virtual Academy: Networked Simulation and the Future of Education_. In Proceedings of the IMAGINA Conference, p. 6-18. Monte Carlo, Monaco, February 1994.
Moshell, J. Michael; Hughes, Charles E.; Blau, Brian; Dunn-Roberts, Richard; Lisle, Curtis R.; and Li, Xin. _Networked Virtual Environments: Issues and Approaches_. Paper presented at SRI Virtual Worlds Symposium; June 17, 1991; Menlo Park, California, USA.
Moshell, J. M.; Hughes, C. E.; Blau, B. S.; Li, X.; and Dunn-Roberts, R. R. Networked Virtual Environments for Simulation and Training. In _Proceedings of the 1991 International Simulation Technology Conference_, p. 210-215. 1991.
Moshell, J. M.; Smart, E. A., Dunn, R. R.; Blau, B.; and Lisle, C. R. Virtual Reality: Its Potential Impact on Embedded Training. In R. J. Seidel and P. R. Chatelier (eds.), _Proceedings of Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design_, p. 191-205. New York, NY, USA: Plenum, 1993.
Mowafy, L., and Thurman, R. A. Training Pilots to Visualizear Large-Scale Spatial Relationships in a Stereoscopic Display. In _Proceedings of the SPIE - the International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 1915. Stereoscopic Displays and Applications IV_, p. 72-81. Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE, 1993.
Nash, Ian. Visions for a Braver World. _Times Educational Supplement_ no. 3923 (September 6, 1991), p. 12. (Science education.)
Nemire, Kenneth. Learning in a Virtual Environment: Access by Students With Physical Disabilities. In _Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities, March 14-18, 1995, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A._. Northridge, CA: California State University, in press, 1995. Paper with additional data available from Kenneth Nemire, Interface Technologies Corporation, 1840 41st Avenue, Suite 102, Capitola, CA USA 95010. Email knemire@netcom.com (Virtual Environment Science Laboratory for students with disabilities.)
Nemire, Kenneth. Virtual Laboratory for Disabled Students. In Harry J. Murphy (ed.), _Proceedings of the Second Annual International Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons With Disabilities_. Northridge, CA, USA: California State University, in press, 1994. (Science laboratory for disabled students.)
Nemire, Kenneth, and Crane, Rebecca. Designing a Virtual Science Laboratory to Accommodate Needs of Students With Cerebral Palsy. To appear in _Proceedings of the Third Annual International Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities_. Northridge, CA, USA: California State University, 1995. Paper with additional data available from Kenneth Nemire, Interface Technologies Corporation, 1840 41st Avenue, Suite 102, Capitola, CA USA 95010. Email knemire@netcom.com (Science laboratory for disabled students.)
Nemire, Kenneth; Burke, Adam; and Jacoby, Richard. A Virtual Learning Environment for Disabled Students. In Harry J. Murphy (ed.), _Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons With Disabilities_, p. 81-92. Northridge, CA, USA: California State University, 1993. (Science laboratory for disabled students.)
Nemire, Kenneth; Burke, Adam; and Jacoby, Richard. Human Factors Engineering of a Virtual Laboratory for Students with Physical Disabilities. _Presence_ vol. 3, no. 3 (Summer 1994), p. 216-226. (Virtual physics laboratory for disabled students.)
Nemire, Kenneth; Burke, Adam; and Jacoby, Richard. _Virtual Learning Environment for Disabled Students: Modular Assistive Technology for Physics Instruction_. Paper presented at the 1993 Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities, San Francisco, California, USA, June 15, 1993.
Neville, Melvin K., and Riner, Reed D. The Mars Course: A Technological and Societal Simulation. In David Hartman (ed.), _Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education,ar Pacific Southwest Section, 1993 Annual Meeting and Conference_. 1993. (Computer Science, Engineering, and Anthropology combined course at Northern Arizona University using simulation of Mars Colony and text-based VR (MUD).) *T-B*
Nugent, William R. Virtual Reality: Advanced Imaging Special Effects Let You Roam in Cyberspace. _Journal of the American Society for Information Science_ vol. 42, no. 8 (September 1991), p. 609-617. (Includes military simulation trainers.)
O'Connell, Kenneth. The Challenge of Computers in Art. _SchoolArts_ vol. 92, no. 7 (March 1993), p. 14-17. (Includes VR.)
Ogata, Hiroyuki, and Takahashi, Tomoichi. Robotic Assembly Operation Teaching in a Virtual Environment. _IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation_ vol. 10, no. 3 (June 1994), p. 391-399. (Teaching how to program a robot.)
Orlansky, J., and Thorp, J. SIMNET - An Engagement Training System for Tactical Warfare. _Journal of Defense Research_ vol. 20, no. 2 (1991), p. 774-783.
Orwig, Gary; Barbato, Catriona; Kincaid, J. Peter; and Moshell, Michael. Classroom of the Future...Now! _Educational Media International_ vol. 30, no. 1 (March 1993), p. 18-22. (Experimental Protyping Classroom and other projects, including VR projects, at the Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.)
Osberg, Kimberley. Puzzleword: A Spatial Cognition Learningar Environment. Available at _The Learning Center_. Seattle, WA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory.
Osberg, Kimberley. (1993.) _Virtual Reality and Education: A Look at Both Sides of the Sword_. Paper available on the Internet at ftp site in postscript format
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Pantelidis, Veronica S. _Robotics in Education: An Information Guide_. Metuchen, NJ, USA: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1991. (For information sources on robots used in telepresence.)
Pantelidis, Veronica S. Virtual Reality and the School Library/Information Skills Curriculum. _North Carolina Libraries_ vol. 52, no. 3/4 (Fall-Winter 1994), 114-116. (Library skills objectives.)
Pantelidis, Veronica. Virtual Reality in the Business Education Classroom. Vivian Arnold (ed.), _Embracing Excellence: A "Capitol" Experience. Proceedings of 11th Annual Atlantic Coast Business and Marketing Education Conference_, p. 87-88. Greenville, NC, USA: Department of Business, Vocational, and Technical Education, East Carolina University, 1994. (Business education.)
Pantelidis, Veronica S. Virtual Reality in the Classroom. _Educational Technology_ vol. 33, no. 4 (April 1993), p. 23-27. (General.) Reprinted in John Hirschbuhl (ed.), _Computer Studies: Computers in Education_, p. 175-179. Guilford, CT, USA: The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 1993.
Pantelidis, Veronica S., and Boyd, Richard. Virtual Reality - The New Dimensions. In Betty Wheatley (ed.), _Proceedings of the 4th Annual Technology and Teaching Conference, Greenville, North Carolina, April 22-23, 1993_, p. 107-114. Greenville, NC, USA: School of Education, East Carolina University, 1993. (General.)
Parker, D. E.; Harm, D. L.; Florer, F. L.; et al. Attitude Awareness Training: An Aid to Effective Performance in the Virtual Environment? In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology_, p. 298-304. Houston, TX, USA: NASA, 1993.
Payer, A. F., and Voss, J. M. Development of Virtual Environments for Medical Education and Training. In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology_, p. 69. Houston, TX, USA: NASA, 1993. (Medical education.)
Phinney, Marianne. Come into My Computer Said the Spider to the Fly. _TESOL CALL-IS Newsletter_ vol. 8, no. 3 (October 1991).ar Powers, David A., and Darrow, Melissa. Special Education and Virtual Reality: Challenges and Possibilities. _Journal of Research on Computing in Education_ vol. 27, no. 1 (Fall 1994), p. 111-121. (Special education.)
Prince, J.; Summer, S. K.; and Long, M. Dimensional Visualization - Applications for Healthcare and Education. In _Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II: Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionaryr Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics_, p. 179-181. San Diego, CA, USA: Aligned Management Associates.
Psotka, Joseph. _Immersive Training Systems: Immersion in Virtual Reality and Training_. Available at Internet home page:
Psotka, Joseph. Immersive Tutoring Systems: Virtual Reality and Education and Training. Paper available from Joseph Psotka, Ph.D., U. S. Army Research Institute, ATTN: PERI-IIC, 500l Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA 2333-5600, USA. Email Psotka@alexandria- emh2.army.mil or psotka@26.1.0.50 Also available at Internet home page: http://alex-immersion.army.mil/its.html (Advantages and limitations of VR in educational applications.)
Psotka, J., and Davison, S. Cognitive Factors Associated with Immersion in Virtual Environments. In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology_, p. 285-297. Houston, TX, USA: NASA, 1993.
Pugnetti, L.; Mendozzi, L.; Motta, A.; et al. Immersive Virtual Reality to Assist Retraining of Acquired Cognitive Deficits: First Results With a Dedicated System. In R. M. Satava; K. Morgan; and H. B. Sieburg, et al (eds.). _Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare_, p. 289-297. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1995.
Quesada, Arli. Seeing Inside. Exploring New Ways of Learning with Virtual Reality. _Multimedia Reporter_ (July 1993), p. 1, 4, 6. (_Multimedia Reporter_ is published by NorthBay Multimedia Association, P. O. Box 150296, San Rafael, CA 94915, USA.) (Junior high school virtual reality projects, virtual reality and students with disabilities.)
Randall, James P. The Emerging Potential of Virtual Reality in Postsecondary Education. _New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No. 51 (Teaching in the Information Age: The Role of Educational Technology)_, (Fall 1992), p. 77-81. (General, higher education.)
Regian, W. _Virtual Reality --- Basic Research for the Effectiveness of Training Transfer_. Paper presented at the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology (ICAT-VET), Houston, Texas, USA, May 6, 1993.
Regian, J. Wesley; Shebilske, Wayne L.; and Monk, John M. Virtual Reality: An Instructional Medium for Visual-Spatial Tasks. _Journal of Communication_ vol. 42, no. 4 (Autumn 1992), p. 136-149. (Describes an initial attempt at exploring VR's instructional potential as an interface for simulation-based training, and an agenda for subsequent research.)
Regian, J. Wesley; Shebilske, Wayne L.; and Monk, John M. _A Preliminary Empirical Evaluation of Virtual Reality as a Training Tool for Visual-Spatial Tasks_. (AL-TR-1993-0004). Armstrong Laboratory, Human Resources Directorate, Technical Training Research Division, 7909 Lindbergh Drive, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas 78235-5352, USA.
Resnick, Michael. Collaboration in Simulated Worlds: Learning Through and About Collaboration. _SIGCUE Outlook_ vol. 21, no. 3 (Spring 1992), p. 36-38.
Richert-Boe, P. Virtual Reality in Education. _Virtual Reality '93: Fall Special Report. AI Expert_ (September 1993), p. 15-19.
Riner, Reed D. The NAU Solar System Simulation: A Collegiate Bateson Project. _CONTACT Conferences Newsletter_ (Winter 1993).(Computer Science, Engineering, and Anthropology combined course at Northern Arizona University using simulation of Mars Colony (a technological and societal simulation) and text-based VR (MUD).) *T-B*
Riner, Reed D. _Virtual Ethics <- Virtual Reality_. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociologicalar Association, August 19-23, 1995, Washington, DC. Available from Dr. Reed D. Riner, Professor, Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011 USA email rdr@dana.ucc.nau.edu (Ethical issues arising from student participation in a Mars simulation using a MUD.) *T-B*
Riner, Reed and Clodius, Jennifer. Simulating Future Histories: The NAU Solar System Simulation and Mars Settlement. _Anthropology and Education Quarterly_ (Spring 1995). Also available at Internet home page: http://tinylondon.ucsd.edu/~jen/solsys.html *T-B*
Robert, Irena. Psychological and Pedagogical Issues in Using Virtual Reality Systems. In Tony Feldman (ed.), _Virtual Reality International 92.- Impacts and Applications. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Virtual Reality International: Impacts & Applications, London, April 1-3, 1992_, p. 117-119. London: Meckler Ltd., 1992.
Rose, Howard. Assessing Learning in VR: Towards Developing a Paradigm Virtual Reality Roving Vehicles (VRRV) Project. HIT Lab Technical Report TR-95-1. Seattle, WA, USA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1995. (Learning assessment.)
Salzman, Marilyn; Dede, Chris; and Loftin, R. Bowen. _Learning-Centered Design of Sensorily Immersive Microworlds Using a Virtual Reality Interface_. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education, August 1995, Washington, DC. (Paper available from cdede@gmu.edu ) (Physics; Science education.)
Schlager, M., and Boman, D. _VR in Education and Training_. Paper presented at the Meckler Virtual Reality '94 Conference, San Jose, California, USA, May 13, 1994.
Schlager, M. S.; Mumaw, R. J.; and Hoecker, D. G. Analytical Tools for Designing Virtual Environment Training systems: Nuclear Power Plant Maintenance Applications. In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology_, p. 261-269. Houston, TX, USA: NASA, 1993.
Schroeder, Ralph. Learning from Virtual Reality Applications in Education. _Virtual Reality_ vol 1, no. 1 (1995), p. 33-40. (Specific applications, projects, and advantages.)
Schroeder, Ralph. Virtual Reality in the Real World. _Futures_ vol. 25, no. 9 (November 1993), p. 963-973. Reprinted in Nick Heap et al (eds), _Information Technology and Society_. London: Sage, 1994. (Includes education.) ar Schroeder, Ralph, Cleal, Bryan; and Giles, Warren. Virtual Reality in Education: Some Preliminary Social Science Perspectives. In _Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds_, p. 147-158. Paris: EC2, 1993.
Schwier, Richard A. _A Taxonomy of Interaction for Instructional Multimedia_. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Media and Technology in Education in Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, June 13-17, 1992. 13 p. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 352 044) (Mutual interaction as characterized by artificial intelligence and VR designs.)
Sherman, Barrie. Birth of a Brave New World. _Times Educational Supplement_ no. 3951 (March 20, 1992), Supp. UPDATE, p. 3-4. (General, includes information on Meredith Bricken's research in summer camp.)
Shlechter, Theodore M.; Bessemer, David W.; and Kolosh, Kenneth P. Computer-Based Simulation Systems and Role-Playing: An Effective Combination for Fostering Conditional Knowledge. _Journal of Computer-Based Instruction_ vol. 19, no. 4 (Autumn 1992), p. 110-114.
Sims, D. Multimedia Camp Empowers Disabled Kids. _IEEE Computerar Graphics and Applications_ vol. 14, no. 1 (January 1994), p. 13-14.
Sklaroff, Sara. Virtual Reality Puts Disabled Students in Touch. _Education Week_ vol. 13, no. 36 (June 1, 1994), p. 8. (Science education, disabled students.)
Stanfel, Julie. Programming for the Virtual Commons. _Educational Media International_ vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 242-246. (Describes Virtual Cities project of National Film Board of Canada, international VR satellite teleconference, including Mandala System (TM).)
Stanfel, Julie. Virtual Cities - A Regional Discovery Project. _Educational Media International_ vol. 30, no. 1 (March 1993), p. 42-45. (Describes Virtual Cities project, international VR satellite teleconference with students ages 12-17.)
Stansfield, S.; Miner, N.; Shawver, D.; and Rogers, D., An Application of Shared Virtual Reality to Situational Training. In _Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium. VRAIS '95_, p. 156-161. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995.
Stansfield, S. A. A Computer-Based Training System Combining Virtual Reality and Multimedia. In _Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology_, p. 60-64. Houston, TX, USA: NASA, 1993.
Stansfield, Sharon A. A Distributed Virtual Reality Simulation System for Situational Training. _Presence_ vol. 3, no. 4 (Fallr 1994), p. 360-366.
Stone, Robert J. Virtual Reality and Cyberspace: From Science Fiction to Science Fact. _Information Services and Use_ vol. 11, no. 5-6 (1991), p. 283-300. (Includes military training, postsecondary education.)
Stuart, Rory. Virtual Reality: Directions in Research and Development. _Interactive Learning International_ vol. 8, no. 2 (April-June 1992), p. 95-100. (Projects at NYNEX and issues uncovered.)
Stuart, Rory, and Thomas, John C. Educational Applications of Cyberspace (abstract). _Collected Abstracts from the First Conference on Cyberspace, Austin, May 4-5, 1990_, p. 96-97. Austin, TX, USA: School of Architecture, The University of Texas at Austin. (General.)
Stuart, Rory, and Thomas, John C. The Implications of Education in Cyberspace. _Multimedia Review_ vol. 2, no. 2 (Summer 1991), par p. 17-27. (General.)
Taylor, Gregory Len. _The Potential Role of Virtual Reality in Environmental Education_. Master of Science thesis, School of Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 1994. (Summary and information available from Greg Taylor, email 72122.267@compuserve.com ) Available via ftp from ftp://ftp.hitl.washington.edu/pub/sci.virtual-worlds/papers/Taylor/ (Environmental education.) Taylor, Macey B. A Glimpse of the Virtual Future. _Cross Currents_ar vol. 19, no. 1 (1992), p. 69-72. (VR and Computer Assisted Language Learning - CALL.)
TECFA (Technologies de Formation et Apprentissage). _Educational Technology. Educational VR (MUD) Sub-Page_. Internet home page: http://Tecfa.unge.ch/edu-comp/www-VL/eduVR-page.html (School of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Switzerland, home page of information on text-based VR. ) *T-B*
Thurman, R. _Simulation and Training Based Technology_. Paper presented at the EFDPMA (Educational Foundation of the Data Processing Management Association) Conference on Virtual Reality, June 1, 1992.
Thurman, Richard A., and Mattoon, Joseph S. Virtual Reality: Toward Fundamental Improvements in Simulation-Based Training. _Educational Technology_ vol. 34, no. 8 (October 1994), p. 56-64. (Characteristics of VR and applications to education and training.)
Tiffin, John, and Rajasingham, Lalita. _In Search of th Virtual Class_. London & New York: Routledge, 1995. (Includes chapter on VR and discussions on VR and education and in the classroom.) ar Traub, David. Neomedia: To Live and Learn in 3D. _Verbum_ 5.2 (1991), p. 22-24.
Traub, David C. Simulated World as Classroom: The Potential for Designed Learning within Virtual Environments. In Sandra K. Helsel and Roth, Judith Paris (eds.), _Virtual Reality: Theory, Practice, and Promise_, p. 111-121. Westport, CT, USA: Meckler Publishing, 1991. par (General.)
Traub, David C. The Promise of Virtual Reality for Learning. In Carl Eugene Loeffler and Tim Anderson (eds.), _The Virtual Reality Casebook_, p. 107-117. New York, NY, USA: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994. (General.)
Trotter, Andrew. In the School Game, Your Options Abound. _Executive Educator_ vol. 13, no. 6 (June 1991), p. 23. (Includes VR.)
Trueman, Bob. Virtual Reality Becomes Reality. _VR in the Schools_ vol. 1, no. 1 (June 1995), p. 2. (_VR in the Schools_ subscription is available from the Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, School of Education, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.) (Teacher VR workshops in Canada.)
Tyre, Terian. Live TV Broadcasts from Ocean Floor Bring New Depth to Science Education. _T. H. E. Journal_ vol. 17, no. 1 (August 1989), p. 42, 44-46. (The JASON project, grades 4 - 12, telepresence.)
Ulman, Neil. High-Tech Connection Between Schools and Science Expeditions Enlivens Classes. _The Wall Street Journal_ vol. 221, no. 52 (March 17, 1993), p. B1, B2. (The JASON project, grades 4 - 12, telepresence.)
United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. _Virtual Reality and Technologies for Combat Simulation. Background Paper_. OTA-BP-ISS-136. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, September 1994. (Military training.) Available on the Internet by anonymous ftp from OTA's ftp server, in ftp://otabbs.ota.gov/pub/vr.military/ The file ftp://otabbs.ota.gov/pub/vr.military/references.txt lists references, many of them available online by ftp or http.
Wall, Tom. Almost Real, Almost Here. _The Electronic School_ (September 1994), p. A33-A36. (This issue of _The Electronic School_ is an insert in _The American School Board Journal_ vol.ar 181, no. 9, September 1994.) (General, educational VR project examples.)
Wassermann, Karsten. Virtually Experienced! A One-Month Practicum at VREL, May 2 - June 1 1, 1995. _VR in the Schools_ vol. 1, no. 1 (_VR in the Schools_ subscription is available from the Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, School of Education, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.) (Observations by VREL visiting scholar.)r Wickens, C. D. _Virtual Reality and Education_. Technical Reportr ARL-93-2/NSF-93-1 prepared for the National Science Foundation. Savoy, IL, USA: Aviation Research Laboratory, Institute of Aviation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, April 1993.
Wickens, Christopher D. Virtual Reality and Education. In _Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics_, vol. 1, p. 842-847. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1992. (Conditions in which VR can facilitate or possibly inhibit learning.)
Wilson, David. L. Researchers Hope to Lead Students into 'Virtual Reality.' _The Chronicle of Higher Education_ vol. 38 (April 22, 1992), p A23-25. (General, with examples of college-level applications.)
Wilson, David L. A Key for Entering Virtual Worlds. _The Chronicle of Higher Education_ vol. 41, no. 12 (November 16, 1994), p. A18-19, A21. (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment at the University of Illinois-Urbana, including possible educational applications.)
Winn, William. _A Conceptual Basis for Educational Applications of Virtual Reality_. (1993, 16 p.). Paper available at HITL ftp site (Immersion; VR and learning by constructing knowledge; applications in education.)
Winn, W. _A Discussion of the Human Interface Technology Laboratory (HIT) and its Educational Projects_. Paper presented at the Virtual Reality Expo '93, New York, New York, USA, December 1, 1993.
Winn, William, and Bricken, William. _Designing Virtual Worlds for Use in Mathematics Education_. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, California, USA, April 20-24, 1992. 24 p. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 353 129) (Elementary algebra.)
Winn, William, and Bricken, William. Designing Virtual Worlds for Use in Mathematics Education: The Example of Experiential Algebra. _Educational Technology_ vol. 32, no. 12 (December 1992), p. 12-19. (Elementary algebra.)
Winsch, B. J.; Atwood, N. K.; and Quinkert, K. A. Using a Distributed Interactive Simulation Environment to Investigate Machine Interface and Training Requirements. In _Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting_, p. 1033-1037. Santa Monica, CA, USA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1994.
Woodward, John. _Virtual Reality and Its Potential Use in Special Education. Identifying Emerging Issues and Trends in Technology for Special Education_. Washington, DC, USA: COSMOS Corporation, 1992. 15 p. (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No. ED 350 766) (Special education.)
Yager, Robert E. Audiovisual - Virtual Reality. _Science Teacher_ vol. 61, no. 3 (March 1994), p. 77. (Reviews _Virtual Reality_, video produced in 1993 by Films for the Humanities and Sciences, PO Box 2053, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-2053, USA.)
Yam, Philip. Surreal Science: Virtual Reality Finds a Place in the Classroom. _Scientific American_ vol. 266, no. 2 (February 1993), p. 103-104. (High school physics.)
_VR in the Schools_. Quarterly newsletter from the Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, available in print and electronic versions.
Revised August 1995
Copyright © 1995, Veronica S. Pantelidis
Current Projects:
Email: LSAULD@ECUVM.CIS.ECU.EDU LSPANTEL@ECUVM.CIS.ECU.EDU