HITL Technical Publications: B-94-1
1997 Revise

Virtual Reality in Training and Education:
Resource Guide to Citations and Online Information

Toni Emerson
Debra Revere

HITL
Human Interface Technology Laboratory
of the Washington Technology Center
University of Washington, PO 352142
Seattle, WA  98195-2142

(206) 543-5075 (Voice)
(206)543-5380 (Fax)
Email: hitl@hitl.washington.edu

Virtual Reality in Training and Education

Contents:
Citation List
WWW Resources
Mailing Lists and Discussion Groups

Citation List

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	(1996). VR in industrial training. VR News, 5(9), 23-6.
	(1996). VR in education. VR News, 5(6), 31-4.
	(1997). Duracell adds virtual reality to increase flexibility and consistency of factory floor training. I/S Analyzer, 36(3), 13-16.
	(1997). Amoco's PC-based virtual reality simulation enables it to cut driver training costs. I/S Analyzer, 36(3), 2-7.
	(1997). Training's new dimension [virtual reality]. AV Magazine for Business Communications, (303), 20-21.
	(1997). Virtual reality for the troops. Image Processing, 25-26.
	Acchione, N. S., & Psotka, J. (1993). Mach III:  past and future approaches to intelligent tutoring. In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, (pp. 344-351).  Houston, TX: NASA.
	Achorn, B., & Badler, N. (1993). A virtual training environment with simulated agents. In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, (pp. 65-68).  Houston, TX: NASA.
	Adams, N., & Lang, L. (1995). VR improves Motorola training program. AI Expert, 10(5), 13-14.
	Ahmed, P., Al-Dhelan, A., & Shah, A. (1993). On the construction of a Knowledge-Based Intelligent Tutoring System (KB-ITS). In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, (pp. 234).  Houston, TX: NASA.
	Akiyoshi, M., Miwa, S., Ueda, T., & Nishida, S. (1995). A learning environment for maintenance of power equipment using virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications, (pp. 331-335).  London, UK: IEE.
	Akiyoshi, M., Miwa, S., & Nishida, S. (1996). The application of virtual reality technology to maintenance task of substations. Mitsubishi Denki Giho, 70(6), 34-8.
	Alluisi, E. A. (1990). Network and virtual-world technologies for training. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, (pp. 1405-1406).  Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, Inc.
	Alluisi, E. A. (1991  June). The development of technology for collective training:  SIMNET, a Case History. Human Factors, 33(3), 343-362.
	Amburn, P., & Marshak, W. P. (1996). Design and evaluation of an air-to-air combat debriefing system using a head-mounted display. In Proceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, (pp. 131-138).  Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
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	Andrews, D. H. (1994). Warfighting training RD in the post cold war era-- With a special emphasis on synthetic environments [Final technical report] (PC A02/MF A01): Brooks AFB, TX:  Armstrong Lab.
	Andrews, D. H., Carroll, L. A., & Bell, H. H. (1995). The future of selective fidelity in training devices. Educational Technology, 35(6), 32-36.
	Andrews, D. H., Edwards, B. J., Mattoon, J. S., & Thurman, R. A. (1996). Potential modeling and simulation contributions to specialized undergraduate pilot training. Educational Technology, 36, 4(6-17).
	Arthur, E., Hancock, P., & Telke, S. (1996). Navigation in virtual environments. In Proceedings of the High-Fidelity Simulation for Training, Test Support, Mission Rehearsal, and Civilian Applications, (pp. 77-85).  Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
	Auld, L. W. S., & Pantellidis, V. S. (1994). Exploring virtual reality for classroom use: The Virtual Reality and Education Lab at East Carolina University. Tech Trends, 39(2), 29-31.
	Badler, N. I., Clarke, J. R., Hollick, M. J., Kokkevis, E., Metaxas, D. N., Bindiganavale, R., Webber, B. L., Chi, D. M., Foster, N., Ogunyemi, O., & Kaye, J. (1996). MediSim: simulated medical corpsmen and casualties for medical forces planning and training. In Proceedings of the National Forum: Military Telemedicine On-Line Today Research, Practice, and Opportunities, (pp. 21-28).  Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
	Bailey, J. H., & Witmer, B. G. (1994). Learning and transfer of spatial knowledge in a virtual environment. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting, (pp. 1158-1162).  Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
	Bailey, S. S. (1994). Creating a virtual reality as a perceptual equivalence for training. EMI:  Educational Media International, 31(4), 221-223.
	Ballard, R. D. (1992, October). The JASON Project: Hi-tech exploration promotes students' interest in science. T. H. E. Journal, 20(4), 70-74.
	Barker, P. (1994). Use of a virtual laboratory for teaching instrument design. In Proceedings of the IEE Colloquium on 'Computer-Based Learning in Engineering', London, UK, (pp. 5/1-5/5).  London, UK: IEE.
	Bayarri, S., Fernandez, M., & Perez, M. (1996). Virtual Reality  for Driving Simulation. Communications of the ACM [special issue on Virtual Reality Software and Technology], 39(5), 72-76.
	Bell, B., Bloom, C., Linton, F., & Norton, E. (1993). The LEAP intelligent tutoring architecture. In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, (pp. 218).  Houston, TX: NASA.
	Bell, J. T., & Fogler, H. S. (1996). Vicher: a virtual reality based educational module for chemical reaction engineering. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 4(4), 285-96.
	Bell, D. H. (1996). Teaching virtual reality. SIGCSE Bulletin, 28(2), 56-61.
	Bergeron, B., & Obeid, J. (1995). Temporal issues in the design of virtual learning environments. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 4(2- 3), 127-145.
	Bermudez, A. B., & Palumbo, D. (1994). Bridging the gap between literacy and technology: hypermedia as a learning tool for limited english proficient students. Journal of Educational Issues of Language Minority Students, 14, 165-184.
	Bertram, B., Peyton, J., & Batson, T. (Eds.). (1993). Network-based classrooms. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
	Bess, R. D. (1992). Image generation implications for networked tactical training systems. In Proceedings of the 1992 IMAGE Conference VI, (pp. 77-88).  Tempe, AZ: IMAGE Society.
	Bess, R. D. (1993). Image generation implications for networked tactical training systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '93, (pp. 308-317).  Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center.
	Bettis, D., Desrosiers, S., Mulcihy, D., & Ruta, K. (1993). Robo-Cat -- An intelligent robotics trainer. In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, (pp. 417).  Houston, TX: NASA.
	Bievenue, L. A., Curtis, D. H., & Thakkar, U. (1995). Virtual environments in K-12 learning and discovery: a grand challenge in education? Computer Graphics, 29(4), 43-44.
	Billings, D. M., & Cobb, K. L. (1992). Effects of learning style preferences, attitude and GPA on learner achievement using computer assisted interactive videodisc instruction. Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 19(1), 12-16.
	Biocca, F. (1992). Virtual reality technology:  a tutorial. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 23-73.
	Biocca, F. (1992). Communication within virtual reality:  Creating a space for research. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 5-22.
	Bloom, C. P., Bell, B., Linton, F., & Norton, E. (1993). The Learn Explore and Practice (LEAP) intelligent tutoring systems platform. In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, (pp. 128-144).  Houston, TX: NASA.
	Blurton, C., & McGee, S. (1996). Mission to planet earth on-line earth systems science course. In Proceedings of the IGARSS '96: 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Remote Sensing for a Sustainable Future, (pp. 917-919).  New York, NY: IEEE.
	Bobick, A., Davis, J., Intille, S., Baird, F., Campbell, L., Ivanov, Y., Pinhanez, C., Schutte, A., Wilson, A., & Davenport, G. (1996). KidsRoom: Action recognition in an interactive story environment (Technical Report #398): Cambridge, MA:  MIT, MIT Media Lab Perceptual Computing Group.
	Boman, D., Shlager, M. S., Gille, J., & Piantanida, T. (1992). The readiness of virtual environment technology for use in maintenance training. In Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training Equipment and Education Conference, (pp. 883-891).  Washington, DC: National Security Industrial Association.
	Boman, D., Piantanida, T., & Schlager, M. (1993). Virtual environment systems for maintenance training:  Final Report. (Vol. 1-4). Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.
	Boyes, E. (1993). How do high school students perceive global climatic change: What are its manifestations? What are its origins? What corrective action can be taken? Journal of Science Education and Technology, (2), 541-547.
	Boyle, T., Stevens-Wood, B., Zhu, F., & Tikka, A. (1996). Structured learning in a virtual environment. Computers & Education, 26(1-3), 41-49.
	Brancato, J. P. (1993). Interactive media as environments: A phenomenological investigation. Unpublished dissertation, New York, NY:  New York University.
	Breglia, D. (1992). Virtual environment training technology. In Proceedings of the 1992 IMAGE Conference VI, (pp. 17-28).  Tempe, AZ: IMAGE Society.
	Brelsford, J. W. (1993). Physics education in a virtual environment. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting:  Designing for Diversity, (pp. 1286-1290).  Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
	Bricken, M. (1991). Virtual reality learning environments:  potential and challenges. In Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH 91, (pp. 178-184).  New York, NY: ACM SIGGRAPH.
	Bricken, W. (1991). Learning in virtual reality (HITL-TR-M-90-5): Seattle, WA:  University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory.
	Bricken, M. (1991). Virtual worlds: No interface to design. In M. Benedikt (Ed.), Cyberspace: First steps, . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
	Bricken, W., & Winn, W. (1992). Designing virtual worlds for use in mathematics education:  The example of experiential algebra. Educational Technology, 32, 12-19.
	Bricken, W. B. (1992). Languages for virtual reality:  Spatial representation of elementary algebra. In Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, (pp. 55-62).  Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
	Bricken, M., & Byrne, C. M. (1992). Summer students in virtual reality:  a pilot study on educational applications of virtual reality technology (HITL Technical Report No. R-92-1): Seattle, WA:  University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory.
	Bricken, M., & Byrne, C. (1993). Summer students in virtual reality:  a pilot study on educational applications of virtual reality technology. In A. Wexelblat (Ed.), Virtual Reality:  Applications and Explorations, (pp. 199-217). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
	Brodersen, A. J., Bourne, J. R., Mosterman, P., Campbell, J. O., Bouw, R., Burows, C., & Mommer, M. (1993). The ELF project: Creating the future laboratory. In Proceedings of the FIE (Frontiers in Education) Twenty-Third Annual Conference, Engineering Education:  Renewing America's Technology, (pp. 277-279).  New York, NY: IEEE.
	Brown, D. J., Cobb, S. V., Eastgate, R. M., Gibson, I., & Smith, P. A. (1992, April). Research applications of virtual reality. Interactive Learning International, 8(2), 161-163.
	Brown, D. J., Cobb, S. V., Eastgate, R. M., & Wilson, J. R. (1993). Desktop VR as a practical tool in industry and education. In Proceedings of the VR '93 Virtual Reality International 93, The Third Annual Conference on Virtual Reality, (pp. 111-121).  London, UK: Meckler.
	Brown, D. J., Cobb, S. V. G., & Eastgate, R. M. (1993). Virtual reality as a tool to teach makaton symbols to children with learning and motor skills difficulties Iinternal Report VIRART/93/101): Nottingham, UK:  University of Nottingham, Virtual Applications Research Team, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Operations Management.
	Brown, D. J. (1993). Virtual Reality, virtually unlimited. British Journal of Special Education, 20(1), 12.
	Brown, D. J. (1994). Special computers for special children. Open Learning Systems News(49), 7-8.
	Brown, D. J., & Wilson, J. R. (1995). LIVE:  Learning in Virtual Environments. Ability:  The Journal of the British Computer Society(15), 24-25.
	Brown, D. J., Stewart, D. S., & Wilson, J. R. (1995). Ethical pathways to virtual learning. In Proceedings of the Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities.  Northridge, CA: CSUN Center on Disabilities.
	Brown, D. J., Kerr, S. J., & Wilson, J. R. (1997). VE in special needs education:  The LIVE programme at the University of Nottingham. Communications of the ACM, in press.
	Bruckman, A. (1992). Identity Workshop: social and psychological phenomena in text-based virtual reality : Cambridge, MA:  MIT.
	Bruckman, A., & Resnick, M. (1995). The MediaMOO Project: constructionism and professional community. Convergence, 1(1), 94-109.
	Bruckman, A. (1996). Finding One's Own Space in Cyberspace. Technology Review, 48-54.
	Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a networked virtual world for kids. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Cambridge, MA:  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT Media Lab.
	Byrne, C. (1992, Winter). Students explore VR technology. HIT Lab Review, 6-7.
	Byrne, C. (1993). Virtual reality and education (HITL Report No. R-93-2): Seattle, WA:  University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory.
	Byrne, C., & Furness, T. A., III. (1994). Virtual reality and education. In Proceedings of the IFIP WG3.5 - International Working Conference on Exploring a New Partnership:  Children, Teachers and Technology, (pp. A-58).  Amsterdam: Elsevier, North-Holland.
	Byrne, C., Holland, C., Moffit, D., Hodas, S., & Furness, T. (1994). Virtual reality and "At Risk" students (HITL Technical Report No. R-94-5): Seattle, WA:  University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory.
	Byrne, C., Furness, T., & Winn, W. D. (1995). The use of virtual reality for teaching atomic/molecular structure. In Proceedings of the 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.  San Francisco, CA: AERA.
	Byrne, C. M. (1996). Water on tap: The use of virtual reality as an educational tool. Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, Seattle, WA:  University of Washington, department of Industrial Engineering.
	Caird, J. K. (1996). Persistent issues in the application of virtual environment systems to training. In Proceedings of the HICS'96:  the Third Annual Symposium on Human Interaction with Complex Systems, (pp. 124-132).  Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
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	Casarelli, G. C., Strobino, G., Daturi, E., Caranna, C., Bittanti, R., & Lazzari, A. (1993). A virtual teaching laboratory for the supervision and control of industrial processes. In Proceedings of the DIDAMATICA '93. Informatica per la Didattica Atti, (pp. 466-478).  Milan, Italy: A.I.C.A.
	Cherny, L. (1995). The MUD register: conversational modes of action in a text-based virtual reality. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
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	Chiou, G.-F. (1995). Learning rationales and virtual reality technology in education. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 23(4), 327-336.
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	Colle, H. A., & Green, R. F. (1996). Introductory psychology laboratories using graphic simulations of virtual subjects. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 28(2), 331-335.
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WWW Resources
Adams Consulting Group, commercial firm focusing on implementing simulations, Virtual Reality and interactive multimedia programs for learning and marketing. [Online: WWW] 

http://www.adams-consult.com/
, the UCSD School of Medicine, an advanced research laboratory has been established within the Learning Resources Center (LRC) to experiment with VR-systems in combination with multimedia-based educational resources. [Online: WWW] 
http://cybermed.ucsd.edu/AT/AT.html
Canadian Navy MARS Virtual Reality Simulator for teaching junior MARS officers the conning skills required of an Officer of the Watch (OOW). [Online: WWW]
http://www.dciem.dnd.ca/DCIEM/HF/G-07.html
Close Combat  Tactical Trainer (CCTT):  CCTT is a simulation system wherein various simulated elements replicate actual combat vehicles, weapon systems and command and control elements which are networked for real time, fully interactive collective task training on computer generated terrain. [Online: WWW]
http://www.simulation.saic.com/ORL/cctt.html
: Georgia Tech, Graphics Visualization Center.  VR visualization tool for communicating design ideas and teaching tool for design education sponsored by the EduTech Institute.  [Online: WWW] 
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/virtual/DVE/DVE.html
: Distributed Extensible Virtual Reality Laboratory. Lancaster, Nottingham University, UCL and QMW. Projects include The Virtual Classroom: intended to provide distributed users a with a number of coopertaive virtual reality based applications which allow them to experiment with a simulated set of physical properties. [Online:WWW] 
http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/research/cseg/projects/devrl/
Emerson, T. On the Net: WWW Resources in VR, Education and Training Applications section.  This document lists research centers, publications, and commercial organizations relevant to education  and training in virtual reality  [Online: WWW]
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/projects/knowledge_base/edapps.html
 (tm) is a general-purpose object oriented, distributed two dimensional graphic-based computational environment with features to support role-playing games for educational purposes, and cooperative learning of many kinds. [Online:WWW] 
http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~ExploreNet/index.html
(The new, Java-based version of ExploreNet is available at:
ftp://ftp.cs.ucf.edu/pub/ExploreNet)
.  Commercial firm specializing in virtual environment design education and training.
http://www.firsthand.com/
Istituto Trentino di Cultura (ITC): 
Hubble Space Telescope Repair Training System (VETL)
http://www.vetl.uh.edu/Hubble/hubble.html
., Education, Telepresence, distance education.  [Online: WWW]
http://www.jasonproject.org/
: Interactive Discovery Learning pilot implementation, a Singapore National Project for children, ages seven through eleven.  [Online: WWW]
http://www.iss.nus.sg/RND/cs/idl/kidsover.html
 at MIT's Media Lab: a fully-automated interactive, narrative playspace, uses computer vision perceptual recognition technology to create a virtual environment in the real physical space of a child's bedroom. [Online: WWW]
http://vismod.www.media.mit.edu/vismod/demos/kidsroom/
Lockheed AI Center and USC Behavioral Technologies Lab. .  The Virtual Environments for Training project is a collaboration with Lockheed AI Center and USC Behavioral Technologies Lab developing training systems which integrate virtual reality and intelligent tutoring technologies. [Online:WWW] 
http://www.isi.edu/isd/vet.html
: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Univ. of Wash.   VR in education and training.  [Online: WWW]
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/projects/learning_center/
Naval Postgraduate School, NPSNET Research group, training in networked multi-user virtual environments. [Online: WWW] 
http://www-npsnet.cs.nps.navy.mil/npsnet/index.html
MIT Media Lab, The Epistemology and Learning Group  explores how new technologies can enable new ways of thinking, learning, and designing.. [Online: WWW]
http://el.www.media.mit.edu/groups/el/
 .
Project ScienceSpace is an ongoing series of controlled experiments to assess the potential impact of Virtual Reality in science education.  The Project is a joint effort between the Virtual Environment Technology Laboratory (VETL) at STB-VR Lab at Johnson Space Center and George Mason University. [Online: WWW] 
•	VETL: http://www.vetl.uh.edu/ScienceSpace/ScienceSpace.html
•	George Mason University: http://www.virtual.gmu.edu/vrhome.htm

The Toy Scouts, a volunteer group of students that utilize the equiptment at the Institute for Simulations and Training Visual Systems Laboratory. The “Toy Scouts” is a not-for-profit organization designed to promote educational opportunities to interested individuals by exploring new technologies for the purpose of developing creative new applications and concepts. [Onlne: WWW]
http://www.vsl.ist.ucf.edu/~scouts/scouts.html
Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Sensory Communication Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics.  The Environment Technology for Training (VETT) mission is to investigate the use of virtual environment systems and technologies in training.  [Online: WWW] 
http://mimsy.mit.edu/
Michigan, University of:   The VRiChEL laboratory has been founded in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan to explore and develop the use of virtual reality in chemical engineering, the initial focus is educational in nature
http://www.engin.umich.edu/labs/vrichel/
Nottingham, University of, Dept. of Manufacturing: Virtual Reality Applications Research Team (VIRART) ..  VIRART has now been involved in the development and testing of virtual environments for students with severe learning difficulties for the last four years. The primary testing for this work has been the Shepherd School in Aspley, Nottingham. [Online: WWW] 
http://quoll.maneng.nott.ac.uk/Research/virart/educn/index.html
: University of Illinois at Chicago. 
This is a learning environment for young children, implemented in the CAVE(tm) virtual reality environment. Children can collaboratively construct artifacts in the CAVE and, in doing so, build an underlying narrative that is driven by constructionism. [Online: WWW]
http://www.ice.eecs.uic.edu/~nice/
OTT Training Technology Information Center, Modeling & Simulation [Online:WWW]
http://ott.sc.ist.ucf.edu/1_3/index.htm
(Virtual Reality Page) http://ott.sc.ist.ucf.edu/1_3/1_3_13/index.htm
Research Triangle Institute.  Virtual Reality: A Practical Tool for Training.  [Online: WWW]
http://www.rti.org/research/vr_training.html
Syracuse University: . [Online: WWW]
http://king.syr.edu:2001/mosaic/npac/infoserver/hpsin/vredu.html
TAPPED-IN. Teacher Professional Development Institute.  TAPPED IN is a shared teacher professional development (TPD) workplace patterned after a real-world conference center. [Online: WWW]
http://www.tappedin.sri.com/ 
Virtual Environment Technology Laboratory (VETL).  Education and Training Projects include Virtual Reality in Aerospace Training [Online:  WWW]
http://www.vetl.uh.edu/Aerospaceov.html
 at East Carolina University. [Online: WWW] 
http://150.216.8.1/vr/vrel.htm
, quarterly newsletter Dr. Veronica S. Pantelidis and Dr. Larry Auld, Co-directors, Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, School of Education, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC .  [Online: WWW} 
http://eastnet.educ.ecu.edu/vr/pub.htm
Wilson, Andrew.  Internet VR Sites.  Andrew’s list contains a good section on terminology as well as a special focus on MOOs (multi user domain objected oriented). [Online: WWW]
http://arachnid.cm.cf.ac.uk/User/Andrew.Wilson/VR/sites.html
TH Systems Inc. Officer of the Deck (OOD) VIRTUAL REALITY TRAINING SYSTEM (VRTS) [Online: WWW]
 http://www.netaxis.qc.ca/wth/ood.htm

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